A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among Homeless People
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A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among Homeless People Getinet Ayano 1,2 & Melat Solomon 1 & Light Tsegay 3 & Kalkidan Yohannes 4 & Mebratu Abraha 5
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common among homeless people and is associated with an increased risk of mortality from suicide, medical causes, and drug-related problems. However, there are no previous systematic review and meta-analysis studies that reported the consolidated magnitude of PTSD among homeless people. A literature search was conducted on PubMed, Embase, and Scopus to discover pertinent studies that determined the prevalence of PTSD among the homeless. Articles were evaluated by titles, abstracts, and full-text. Comprehensive meta-analysis software was used to conduct the meta-analysis. Subgroup and sensitivity analysis were performed and Cochran’s Qand the I2 test were used to assess heterogeneity. The evidence of publication bias was evaluated by using Egger’s test and visual inspection of the symmetry in funnel plots. From the total, 19 studies with 20,364 participants across seven countries were included in the final analysis. Our meta-analysis revealed that the pooled prevalence of PTSD among homeless people was 27.38% (95% CI; 21.95–33.57). In our subgroup analysis, we found that the prevalence of PTSD was considerably high as measured by the screening instrument (35.93%) than the diagnostic instrument (23.57% %). The prevalence of PTSD among homeless showed a significant variation by the location of the studies, the instruments used to measure PTSD as well as the quality of the included studies. This review showed that the pooled prevalence estimate of PTSD among homeless peoples was remarkably high (27.38%). Early screening and treatment of PTSD among homeless peoples are warranted to alleviate suffering. Keywords Prevalence . PTSD . Homeless . Systematic review . Meta-analysis
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-02009746-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
* Getinet Ayano [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
Psychiatric Quarterly
Background Worldwide, over 100 million people were homeless and over 1.6 billion people lack adequate housing [19]. Numerous factors contribute to homelessness including poverty, unemployment, addictions, mental illness, sexual assault, domestic violence, a critical shortage of affordable housing, social isolations, family breakdown, adverse childhood experiences, and financial difficulties [11, 23, 33, 37, 52]. Epidemiologic evidence showed that about 25% to 50% of the homeless population living developed as well as developing countries were found to have some form of psychiatric disorders [8, 20, 46]. The reported prevalence rises to about 92% among those who are street homeless [2]. It has been known that the p
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