Acute assessment of subjective appetite and implicated hormones after a hypnosis-induced hallucinated meal: a randomized
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Acute assessment of subjective appetite and implicated hormones after a hypnosis-induced hallucinated meal: a randomized cross-over pilot trial Iolanda Cioffi 1,2 & Roberto Gambino 1 & Rosalba Rosato 3 & Bice Properzi 4 & Giuseppe Regaldo 5 & Valentina Ponzo 1 & Marianna Pellegrini 1 & Franco Contaldo 2 & Fabrizio Pasanisi 2 & Ezio Ghigo 1 & Simona Bo 1
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The use of hypnosis can generate hallucinatory phenomena, which ranged from vivid/auditory imagery to fully developed “hallucinations” in selected people. The aim of this pilot trial was investigating the acute effects of a hypnosis-induced hallucinated breakfast (HB) compared to those of a real breakfast (RB) on subjective appetite and appetite-regulating hormones in highly hypnotizable individuals. Eight healthy post-menopausal women were recruited to consume two meals: the HB and the RB in a randomized crossover design. Participants underwent appetite sensations measurements (before meal and each 30-min until 270-min) and blood sample collection (at 0, 20, 60, 90, 180-min). A 3-day food-record was filled after each meal. The adjusted repeated measures ANCOVA did not show any meal×time interactions on subjective appetite postprandially. As expected, significantly higher glucose (p < 0.001), insulin (p < 0.001), and lower free fatty acid (p < 0.001) concentrations were found after the RB, but not following HB. Furthermore, RB significantly increased postprandial levels of glucagon-like-peptide-1 and peptide-YY at 20, 60, 90 and 180-min, whereas acylated-ghrelin and leptin levels did not differ. Postprandial neuropeptide-Y and orexin-A values significantly increased at different time-points after RB, but not following HB, while α-melanocytestimulating hormone levels enhanced after HB only. Energy intakes were significantly lower after HB on the test-day only (HB = 1146.6 ± 343.8 vs RB = 1634.7 ± 274.2 kcal/d; p = 0.003). Appetite sensation might be modulated by fully developed meal “hallucination” induced by hypnosis, likely affecting brain-peptides implicated in the appetite regulation. However, further studies are needed to verify these results obtained in a highly selected group of individuals. NCT03934580. Keywords Hypnosis . Appetite . Orexin, Neuropeptide-Y . Obesity
1 Introduction A complex network of behavioral and metabolic pathways controls appetite [1]. These regulatory mechanisms are characterized by: (1) short-term or episodic signals, mainly
* Simona Bo [email protected] 1
Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, c.so AM Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy
2
Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy
3
Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
4
Unit of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
5
Obstetric Department, Hospital of Ciriè, Turin, Italy
inhibitory and usually generated in response to food ingestion, and (2) long-term or tonic sig
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