Adaptation of a cross-national measure of fear-based xenophobia to Turkish culture
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Adaptation of a cross-national measure of fear-based xenophobia to Turkish culture Arif Özer 1
&
Sait Akbasli 1
Accepted: 9 October 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The purpose of this study is to adapt a cross-national measure of fear-based xenophobia to Turkish culture. This measure is a unidimensional cumulative attitude scale comprising five items, ordered according to difficulty parameters. It assesses participants’ fear of foreigners using the stereotype content model, categorizing outsiders according to indices of warmth and competence. The participants were 360 students (218 females, 142 males) from two state universities in the capital of Turkey. The students were surveyed during the 2018–2019 academic year, and the data were analyzed through Mokken scale analysis. Responses to the survey questions divided the participants into two groups: those who agreed with the first item on the questionnaire and those who agreed with the other statements (2–5); statements 2–5 indicated nearly the same level of fear of foreigners. The data met the assumptions; a monotone homogeneity model was more suitable, and more than two-thirds of the participants responded to the scale in line with the sequential grading. Moreover, the reliability coefficient of the measurements obtained from the Turkish form of the cross-national measure of fear-based xenophobia scale was high. Keywords Xenophobia . Mokken scaling . Immigration . Fear of foreigners . Scale adaptation
Every two seconds, a person is forcibly displaced because of conflict and/or cruelty. Ten years ago, 1 out of every 160 people in the world lived as an immigrant; now, the rate is 1 out of every 108 (Global trends: Forced displacement in 2018, 2019). According to the 2017 International Migration Report of the United Nations (which made use of census data from 2000 onwards), the number of immigrants has gradually increased in the last 17 years, reaching 258 million across the world. Although high-income countries located in Europe and North America account for only 14.6% of the world population, those countries receive 64% of international immigrants (Kobler & Lattes, 2017). Turkey is one of the countries that has permitted the immigration of refugees fleeing ISIS and the civil wars in Syria and Iraq, thus inflating overall immigration. According to the Directorate General of Migration Management in Turkey, 4 million registered refugees,
* Arif Özer [email protected] Sait Akbasli [email protected] 1
Department of Educational Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
including about 1.7 million children, settled in Turkey in 2019 (Duamelle & Malhotra, 2019). This gradual increase may contribute to a more significant alteration in social equilibrium in the future. Many people decide to migrate from one country to another in the hope of escaping conflict and torture, obtaining better living conditions, finding a job, avoiding natural environmental difficulties, or pursuing academics. However,
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