Adapting smartwatch interfaces to hand gestures during movements: offset models and the C-shaped pattern of tapping
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Adapting smartwatch interfaces to hand gestures during movements: offset models and the C‑shaped pattern of tapping Fan Mo1,2 · Jia Zhou1 Received: 15 November 2019 / Accepted: 5 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Interacting with smartwatches is fairly common when users are moving. Although novel interaction gestures like flick of the wrist are implemented, basic touch gestures such as tapping and swiping still dominate. Using these gestures during a variety of movements could be challenging, and it is still not clear how the interface of smartwatches should tailor to users’ gestures during movements and how the usage of smartwatches influences the pattern of users’ movements. Therefore, this study investigates the interrelationship among users’ interaction gestures, movements, and gait features. An experiment was conducted among 47 participants, who used smartwatches through tapping, swiping, and wrist flicking to complete daily tasks in stand, strolling, normal walking, rushing, and jogging. They were tracked through built-in accelerometer and angle sensors. Four findings were derived from the experiment. First, rushing and jogging significantly decrease the effectiveness and efficiency of tapping. To reduce the tapping deviation, offset models were proposed and tested. Second, there is a C-shaped pattern on the round screen where tapping targets achieves higher accuracy than other areas. Third, the tapping performance could be improved by setting target sizes. Target sizes at 0.7 cm in stand, 1.1 cm in strolling, and 1.1 cm in walking achieve a high level of accuracy (95%), while target sizes at 1.5 cm in rushing and jogging achieve a middle level of accuracy (90%). Finally, tapping, swiping, and wrist flicking when users are moving significantly reduce their gait symmetry and step length. They do not imply significant influence on gait intensity, regularity, and overall stability. Keywords Smartwatch · Movement · Gait · Tapping · Target size
1 Introduction Novel techniques of interacting with a smartwatch from recent research are inadequate and limited, while the primary interaction method will still be through touching the screen. Tapping and swiping are frequently used gestures on smartwatches. However, they are conventionally designed for larger devices such as smartphones, and when used on smartwatches, they result in a highly constrained experience (Gil et al. 2017). In particular, both tapping and swiping to select a target through a list of items on smartwatches are * Jia Zhou [email protected] Fan Mo [email protected] 1
School of Management Science and Real Estate, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
2
slow and prone to errors (Ashbrook et al. 2008; Harrison and Hudson 2009; Lafreniere et al. 2016). The problem exacerbates when using smartwatches during a variety of movements. Smartwatches are appealing to an increasing number of individuals w
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