Advanced human in vitro models to assess metal oxide nanoparticle-cell interactions
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Introduction Nanotechnology enables the possibility to engineer materials in the nanoscale range with remarkable new physical and chemical properties different from their bulk, which can be used for a broad range of applications. This huge potential has led to increasing growth of research and development activities all over the world and has created an entire new class of materials. Nanoscale metal oxides are a well-developed subclass of nanoparticles known for decades in colloids long before the current explosion of interest in nanoscience. These new properties and industrial production in high tonnage have raised concerns about potential adverse effects for the environment and for human health. Aside from the broad industrial use of metal oxide particles for nanotechnology, there are substantial research and development activities to apply nanomaterials such as zinc oxide (ZnO)1 or super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs)2 in medicine. Therefore a better understanding of the mechanisms show how nanomaterials interact with cells, and the consequence is a prerequisite for their safe and successful use in any application.
The assessment of potentially adverse or off-target effects is currently based on phenomenological analysis of animal testing—a strategy that has not changed in the last 40 years.3 However, the number of newly developed particles is large and is still increasing, as are consumer expectations about their safety. A full assessment of the potential side effects according to today’s regulations would be extremely cost intensive and time consuming, and its relevance for human beings is still doubtful.4 Therefore new concepts for more efficient, cost-effective, and evidence-based testing strategies toward mechanistical-based understanding of the nanoparticle– biology interaction are proposed.5 Despite the broad use of traditional cell-based in vitro cell monocultures, it is recognized that these models lack phenotypic details, physiological functions, or depict the complex cross-talks between different cells only partly or not at all. There are multitudes of new co-culture or 3D cell culture systems (i.e., cells cultured on 3D scaffolds or co-cultures of various cell types) for different tissues developed during the last 10–15 years, combining several relevant cell types for the same organ into one culture system. So far, only a few
Peter Wick, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Switzerland; [email protected] Stefanie Grafmueller, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Switzerland; [email protected] Alke Petri-Fink, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Switzerland; alke.fi[email protected] Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Switzerland; [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/mrs.2014.219
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MRS BULLETIN • VOLUME 39 • NOVEMBER 2014 • www.mrs.org/bulletin
© 2014 Materials Research Society
ADVANCED HUMAN IN VITRO MODELS TO ASSESS METAL OXIDE NANOPARTICLE-CELL INTER
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