An efficient lattice Boltzmann method for fluorescent diffuse optical tomography on GPUs
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An efficient lattice Boltzmann method for fluorescent diffuse optical tomography on GPUs Huandi Wu1 · Zhuangzhi Yan1,2 · XingXing Cen1 · Jiehui Jiang1,2 Received: 13 January 2020 / Accepted: 11 August 2020 © The Optical Society of Japan 2020
Abstract Fluorescent diffuse optical tomography (FDOT) is an emerging imaging modality, with great prospects in areas such as biology and medicine. However, current FDOT encounters difficulty in simulating photon propagation in biological tissue, i.e., the forward problem, which limits its further application in biomedical research. This paper presents a lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) on the GPU to greatly improve the computational efficiency in the forward problem realization. This method separated the LBM simulating the propagation of photon in tissues into collision, streaming and boundary processing processes on GPUs, which are local computational processes and inefficient on CPU, so that we can perform the LBM efficiently. Both the numerical phantom and the physical phantom experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The experimental results showed that the proposed method achieved the best performance of 2471 mega lattice-updates per second (MLUPS) and a 118-fold speedup under the precondition of simulation accuracy, compared to the diffusion equation implemented by finite element method (FEM) on CPU. Thus, the LBM on the GPU has the potential for efficiently solving the forward problem in FDOT. Keywords Lattice Boltzmann method · Fluorescent diffuse optical tomography · GPU
1 Introduction FFluorescent diffuse optical tomography (FDOT) has become a powerful molecular imaging technology in basic medical diagnosis and drug delivery research due to its advantages of being noninvasive, quantitative, highly sensitive and of low cost. FDOT has great potential for cancer diagnosis, disease mechanism research and so on [8, 15, 21, 25]. It is of practical significance to accelerate the calculation speed of dynamic FDOT, which is helpful in studying the mechanism of drugs and diseases [10]. Traditionally, in optical propagation models of the FDOT, models that are based on the radiative transfer equation (RTE) or the diffusion equation (DE), which are complex integral differential equations that are widely accepted as accurate models to * Zhuangzhi Yan [email protected] 1
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
2
describe light propagation in a medium such as a biological tissue, are often used to solve FDOT. Many researchers have worked to reduce the calculation time [6, 17]. However, even small-scale images that can be solved by the RTE and DE still cannot satisfy the requirements of dynamic imaging. The current computation of the FDOT is generally time consuming. Therefore, we urgently need a novel and effective propagation model. A developing synergy between the
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