An Experimental Benchmark of Non-metallic Inclusion Distribution Inside a Heavy Continuous-Casting Slab
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THE study of non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) is of increasing importance since the properties of steel products depend largely on the amount, size, distribution, composition, and morphology of NMI defects that are mainly formed during continuous-casting (CC) process.[1–4] It is generally believed that the transport of NMIs and entrapment of them by the solidified steel shell mainly depend on the turbulent flow, solute concentration, temperature, and solidification of steel
ZHONGQIU LIU is with the School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P.R. China and also with the Chair of Simulation and Modeling of Metallurgical Processes, Department of Metallurgy, Montanuniversita¨t Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria. Contact e-mail: [email protected] BAOKUAN LI is with the School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University. MENGHUAI WU and ANDREAS LUDWIG are with the Chair of Simulation and Modeling of Metallurgical Processes, Department of Metallurgy, Montanuniversita¨t Leoben. GUODONG XU and XIAOMING RUAN are with the Baoshan Iron & Steel Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201900, P.R. China. Manuscript submitted September 26, 2018.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
in the CC mold.[5–8] Progress in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques allows for the simulation and modeling of NMI transport in complex flow configurations of mold. Extensive numerical studies of the transport of NMIs inside the CC mold have been performed.[5–13] Pfeiler et al.[6] established a general model to describe the motion of particles during solidification in a steel continuous caster, considering the mushy zone morphology (columnar) and various forces acting on particles. Thomas et al.[7] considered normal and tangential force balances involving ten different forces acting on an NMI in the solidified front, and the primary dendrite arm spacing (PDAS) was considered for the NMI entrapment. Lee et al.[9] studied the effect of thermal Marangoni force for the behavior of argon bubbles at the solidifying interface, revealing that the thermal Marangoni force could play an important role in the entrapment of argon bubbles. Liu et al.[10–12] developed a new criterion for particle entrapment in the solidification front. The transient motions of single and cluster NMIs in a vertical-bending caster were studied. Recently, Barati et al.[13] established a numerical model to study the transient clogging process of nozzle, indicating that the clogging is a stochastic and
self-accelerating process. Nevertheless, errors often appear due to limited accuracy of different numerical methodologies and due to inevitable simplifications introduced in the models. Hence, a direct experimental verification of the numerical models on the NMIs distribution in the real steel billet has gained special importance. Many researchers have extensively investigated the morphology, composition, and classification of NMIs in real steel billet through various direct detection methods, including metallographic microscope observation (MMO),[2,14–16] scanning electron microscopy (SEM),[
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