An overview of some advanced surface technology in Russia
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TRODUCTION
THE presentation of cathodic arc technology at the Conference on Metallurgical Coatings in San Diego in 1983[1,2] (now the International Conference on Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films), and based on licensed Soviet technology, was an early indication alerting the West of advanced developments in surface technology in that country. With the fall of the Berlin Wall and the change in the political relationships, it has become easier to visit Russia, the Ukraine, and other Commonwealth of Independent States countries. Conferences on surface technology held there have recognized our interest and encouraged our participation from the West. Examples are the 1st International Symposium on Beams Technologies (BT ’95) held in February–March 1995 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, where an excellent interpreter was provided, and the recent Surface Technology Workshop held in June 1996 in Tomsk, where two-way simultaneous translation was provided. These locations also illustrate the reality of the political changes, because until recently, JINR was not open to visitors and Tomsk was a ‘‘closed city.’’ United States government programs are in place (e.g., through the National Science Foundation and National Research Council) inter alia to support further Russian research and development work for potential industrial application in this country. Specific interactions are found from the Lawrence Berkeley, Los Alamos, and Sandia National Laboratories, with active interest and involvement of U.S. industry enabled by, e.g., the United States Industry Coalition. In the present article, some specific examples of Russian technology are reviewed. These include cathodic arc technology, ion implantation, and intense pulsed electron and ion beam heat treatment. This information is based on material made available and openly gathered during visits by the authors and on articles published and made available by the colleagues visited. Inevitably, it reflects the mutual ANTHONY J. PERRY is Consultant with AIMS Marketing, San Diego, CA 92127. JESSE N. MATOSSIAN is Project Manager with Hughes Research Laboratories, Inc., Malibu, CA 90265-4799. Manuscript submitted March 7, 1997. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
interests of those involved and is certainly not an exhaustive overview. Most of the published literature is written in Russian only in their technical journals and/or given at conferences such as the bi-annual Tomsk conferences on surface technology. With the recent political changes, articles are being presented with greater frequency at international conferences such as IBMM, SMMIB, and BEAMS. Here, no comparison is made with development work being carried out in Western laboratories. In the subsequent sections, we summarize the salient features of work conducted in each of the reviewed Russian technologies.
II.
CATHODIC ARC TECHNOLOGY
Now practiced widely in Russia, studies of the cathodic arc are generally attributed to the pioneering work begun in 1982 by the group led by Dr. S.
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