Annotated genome sequences of the carnivorous plant Roridula gorgonias and a non-carnivorous relative, Clethra arborea
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RESEARCH NOTE
Annotated genome sequences of the carnivorous plant Roridula gorgonias and a non‑carnivorous relative, Clethra arborea Stefanie Hartmann1* , Michaela Preick1, Silke Abelt1, André Scheffel2 and Michael Hofreiter1
Abstract Objective: Plant carnivory is distributed across the tree of life and has evolved at least six times independently, but sequenced and annotated nuclear genomes of carnivorous plants are currently lacking. We have sequenced and structurally annotated the nuclear genome of the carnivorous Roridula gorgonias and that of a non-carnivorous relative, Madeira’s lily-of-the-valley-tree, Clethra arborea, both within the Ericales. This data adds an important resource to study the evolutionary genetics of plant carnivory across angiosperm lineages and also for functional and systematic aspects of plants within the Ericales. Results: Our assemblies have total lengths of 284 Mbp (R. gorgonias) and 511 Mbp (C. arborea) and show high BUSCO scores of 84.2% and 89.5%, respectively. We used their predicted genes together with publicly available data from other Ericales’ genomes and transcriptomes to assemble a phylogenomic data set for the inference of a species tree. However, groups of orthologs showed a marked absence of species represented by a transcriptome. We discuss possible reasons and caution against combining predicted genes from genome- and transriptome-based assemblies. Keywords: Carnivorous plant, Roridula gorgonias, Clethra arborea, Genome assembly, Transcriptome assembly, Phylogenomics, Orthologous Matrix (OMA) Project Introduction Although plants can convert water, CO2 , and light energy into organic compounds by photosynthesis, they require additional minerals and nutrients for growth and reproduction. Most plants take up these essential compounds from the soil. Several plants in multiple and diverse angiosperm lineages, however, have independently adopted a carnivorous life style [1]: they attract and capture insect prey and absorb essential nutrients from the dead animals. Not surprisingly, plant carnivory has evolved mostly in areas that are low in nutrients, so the increased nutrient availability through predation provides a clear selective advantage. *Correspondence: stefanie.hartmann@uni‑potsdam.de 1 Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl‑Liebknecht‑Str. 24‑25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
To study the evolution and molecular adaptations involving plant carnivory, annotated genome data is an essential resource. However, although more than 600 carnivorous plant species have been described [1], sequenced and annotated nuclear genomes of only four of these remarkable plants are currently available [2–5]. For a few additional carnivorous plants, unannotated genome [6] or transcriptome assemblies [7–10] are available. Sequence data for molecular and evolutionary studies in carnivorous plants is therefore clearly lacking. This study contributes the nuclear
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