Antigen-Antibody Interaction
The union of antibody and antigen gives rise to a series of reactions, the qualitative or semiquantitative study of which is the domain of serology.
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Antigen-Antibody Interaction
G. BIER
Contents
Serologic Reactions for Detection of Antibodies In Vitro Serologic Reactions Precipitation . . . Agglutination . . . . Immunofluorescence . Complement Fixation Immunocytolysis. . Immunocytotoxicity . Immunoadherence . . Conglutination and Immunoconglutination Serologic Reactions in Vivo. . . Phagocytosis and Opsonization . . . Neutralization of Toxins . . . . . . Protective Action of Antibacterial Sera Quantitative Study of the Antigen-Antibody Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . , Quantitative Precipitation. . . . . . . , Applications of the Precipitation Reaction: Qualitative Precipitation . . . Quantitative Precipitation. . . . Quantitative Inhibition of Specific Precipitation . . . . . . . . Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) . . . . . . . . . . . . Quantitative Study of the Hapten-Antibody Reaction . . . . . . . . . Intermolecular Forces in the Antigen-Antibody Reaction. Comparative Sensitivities of Serologic Techniques References . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Serologic Reactions for Detection of Antibodies The union of antibody and antigen gives rise to a series of reactions, the qualitative or semiquantitative study of which is the domain of serology. The type of reaction observed depends upon the physical state of the antigen (soluble or particulate) and the experimental conditions of the test involved. If the antigen is a soluO. G. Bier et al., Fundamentals of Immunology © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1986
ble protein, the reaction between the macromolecules of the antigen and the antibody, in the proper proportions, results in the formation of an insoluble complex (precipitate). When the antigen is found on the surfaces of particles (such as bacteria or erythrocytes), the molecules of the divalent antibody form bridges with the particles and cause their agglutination (Fig. 7.1). In reactions with erythrocytes, when complement as well as antibody is present, lesion sites form on the erythrocyte membrane through which hemoglobin is liberated. This is the phenomenon of specific hemolysis. The intensity of a serologic reaction is generally expressed in terms of "titer" - the dilution of serum (or of antigen) in which a specific effect is observed under certain experimental conditions. Thus, for example, if a given serum prepared for experimentation in serial dilutions (1: 10, I: 20, I :40, etc.) produces agglutination at the 1: 640 dilution, but does not produce agglutination at I: 1280, it is said to have a titer of 1: 640 or to contain 640 agglutinating units per unit of volume. In this type of test, the precision of the reading is obviously subjective and can vary by a factor of ± log 2 in repeated tests, so that only differences in the titers of two or more tubes of the reaction series are considered significant. In the case of specific hemolysis, however, one can, by using successive dilutions that vary by a factor of less than 2 and through spectropho
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