Apoptosis-inducing activity of safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed oil in lung, colorectal and cervix cancer cells
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Apoptosis-inducing activity of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed oil in lung, colorectal and cervix cancer cells Adem Güner 1
&
Sadi Kızılşahin 2 & Ayşe Nalbantsoy 3 & Nefise Ülkü Karabay Yavaşoğlu 2
Received: 21 February 2019 / Accepted: 17 February 2020 # Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences 2020
Abstract Carthamus tinctorius L. (Safflower) has been often preferred because of rich fatty acid, flavonoid, alkaloid, and polysaccharide contents in its different parts in medicine and industrial area. Although its antioxidant, antienflamatuar, and antitumor properties have been proven in many studies, the mechanism underlying the anticancer activity is still more unclear. This study was first conducted to elucidate the apoptotic gene expression changes in human colorectal (CaCo-2), lung (A549), and cervix cancer (HeLa) cells after exposure to safflower seed oil (SFO). Cytotoxic activity of cancer cells was evaluated by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5diphenyl2H-tetrazoliumbromide) assay and then, total RNA derived from cell lines to analyze the gene expression profile on RealTime Ready Human Apoptosis Panel 96 was used. MTT results showed that SFO greatly inhibited A549, CaCo-2 and HeLa cell proliferation, with a value of IC50 of 1.26, 3.92 and 13.12 μg/ml, respectively. According to the cDNA microarray analysis, 56 genes were interpreted in connection with extrinsic, intrinsic, PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT, and NFκB pathways. SFO treatments triggered apoptosis through the caspase-dependently pathway along with upregulated the expressions of many pro-apoptotic genes in the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway in HeLa cells. However, in A549 and CaCo-2 cells, SFO treatments were inhibited cell survival mechanism through frequently caspase-independent genes following downregulated the expression of anti-apoptotic genes. It is noteworthy that although cancer cells have different sensitivity, SFO induced apoptosis through different pathways. Taken together, SFO, as a natural resource, has the potential to be used as a promising agent against cancer, especially in gene therapy level. Keywords Anticancer . Apoptosis . Cancer cell . Cytotoxicity . Safflower
Abbreviations A549 Human lung adenocarcinoma APAF1 Apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 BAX Bcl-2-associated X protein Bcl-2 B cell lymphoma 2 BIK Bcl-2-interacting killer BIRC Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein CaCo-2 Human colorectal adenocarcinoma CASP Caspase DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide * Adem Güner [email protected] 1
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Giresun University, 28200 Güre, Giresun, Turkey
2
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
3
Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
EndoG FADD FAS FASLG HEK293 HeLa HSP90B1 HtrA2 JAK/STAT MMP MTT NFκB NGFR PI3K/Akt SFO SOCS Parth
Endonuclease G Fas-associated via death domain Fas cell surface death receptor Fas Ligand Human embryonic kidney ce
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