Application of Remotely-Sensed Data to Estimate a Water Budget for Data-Scarce Endorheic Basins: A Case Study of Lake Ur
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Application of Remotely-Sensed Data to Estimate a Water Budget for Data-Scarce Endorheic Basins: A Case Study of Lake Urmia basin, Iran MohammadHossein Bagheri 1 & Saeid Morid 2 & Saleh Arshad 3
Received: 11 June 2014 / Accepted: 9 November 2015 # Indian Society of Remote Sensing 2015
Abstract Estimating the water budgets of large basins is a challenge because of the lack of data and information. It becomes more complicated in endorheic basins that consist of separate land and water phases. The application of remotelysensed data is one solution in this regard. The present study addresses this issue and develops a modeling framework to evaluate a water budget based on remotely-sensed data for endorheic basins. To explore the methodology, Lake Urmia basin was selected as a case study. The lake water level has declined steeply since 1995 and stakeholders have agreed to allocate 3100 MCM of water per year to the lake. This makes it necessary to monitor river inflow into the lake to fulfill the agreement. Gauging stations have been employed around the lake, but they could not account for shortages such as water uptake below the stations. To do this, separate water budgets for the water body and the land were required. More specifically, it was necessary to estimate actual evapotranspiration (ETa) from freshwater (Ef) and saltwater (Es) estimated using the SEBAL model. Different methods were applied to estimate soil moisture, groundwater exploitation, and surfacegroundwater inflow into the lake. A comparison of the observed and estimated amounts showed good agreement. For instance, the coefficient of determination for the observed/ reported and estimated ETa and Ef were 0.83 and 0.84, respectively. The average annual inflow was estimated to be 2.2 * Saeid Morid [email protected] 1
Department of Water Resources Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
2
Department of Water Resources Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O.Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran
3
Department of Water Engineering, Gilan University, Rasht, Iran
BCM/year for 2002–2008 using the RS model, which is about 84 % of the total inflow from the last recording stations before the lake and shows influence of water exploitation after these stations. Future study should focus on increasing temporal and spatial resolution of the method Keywords Water budget . Remotely-sensed data . SEBAL . Endorheic basin . Lake Urmia
Introduction Estimation of a water budget (WB) is essential to water resources management; however, it becomes problematic in large basins. This is more exaggerated in endorheic basins where the final destination of rivers is usually a wetland or a lake and where estimates of the WB are required for both the land phase and water phase. Moreover, not all rivers contain gauging stations and on some rivers with gauges, irrigation uptake occurs between the last station and before reaching to the lake or wetland. Groundwater exploitation is also not fully measured. In some cases, groundwater users do not colla
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