Approaches to Study Living Foraminifera Collection, Maintenance and
Foraminiferal cultures now serve as tools for researching biological, environmental, and geological topics. However, the biological backgrounds, in particular the natural histories of foraminifera, largely remain unclear. It is also true that the differen
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Hiroshi Kitazato Joan M. Bernhard Editors
Approaches to Study Living Foraminifera Collection, Maintenance and Experimentation
Environmental Science and Engineering Environmental Science
Series Editors Rod Allan Ulrich Förstner Wim Salomons
For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/3234
Hiroshi Kitazato • Joan M. Bernhard Editors
Approaches to Study Living Foraminifera Collection, Maintenance and Experimentation
Editors Hiroshi Kitazato Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology Kanagawa, Japan
Joan M. Bernhard Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Massachusetts, USA
ISSN 1863-5520 ISSN 1863-5539 (electronic) ISBN 978-4-431-54387-9 ISBN 978-4-431-54388-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-54388-6 Springer Tokyo Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013955595 © Springer Japan 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
Foraminifera are eukaryotic micro-organisms that are mainly distributed in oceanic environments. This protistan taxon plays a major role in nutrient cycling of the oceanic hydrosphere and in biogeochemical cycling. Because these microbes sometimes compose more than 50 % of the biomass in the deep oceans as well as in some highlatitude settings, they are a key taxon in mari
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