Aqueous ionic liquids in comparison with standard co-solutes
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REVIEW
Aqueous ionic liquids in comparison with standard co-solutes Differences and common principles in their interaction with protein and DNA structures Ewa Anna Oprzeska-Zingrebe1 · Jens Smiatek1,2 Received: 28 February 2018 / Accepted: 12 March 2018 © International Union for Pure and Applied Biophysics (IUPAB) and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018
Abstract Ionic liquids (ILs) are versatile solvents for a broad range of biotechnological applications. Recent experimental and simulation results highlight the potential benefits of dilute ILs in aqueous solution (aqueous ILs) in order to modify protein and DNA structures systematically. In contrast to a limited number of standard co-solutes like urea, ectoine, trimethylamineN-oxide (TMAO), or guanidinium chloride, the large amount of possible cation and anion combinations in aqueous ILs can be used to develop tailor-made stabilizers or destabilizers for specific purposes. In this review article, we highlight common principles and differences between aqueous ILs and standard co-solutes with a specific focus on their underlying macromolecular stabilization or destabilization behavior. In combination with statistical thermodynamics theories, we present an efficient framework, which is used to classify structure modification effects consistently. The crucial importance of enthalpic and entropic contributions to the free energy change upon IL-assisted macromolecular unfolding in combination with a complex destabilization mechanism is described in detail. A special focus is also set on aqueous IL-DNA interactions, for which experimental and simulation outcomes are summarized and discussed in the context of previous findings. Keywords Ionic liquids · Proteins · DNA · Co-solutes · Kirkwood-Buff theory
Introduction Over the last years, room temperature ionic liquids (ILs) and dilute ILs in aqueous solution (aqueous ILs) were often used as versatile solvents and co-solutes in biotechnological applications (Wilkes 2004; van Rantwijk and Sheldon 2007; Benedetto and Ballone 2015; Egorova et al. 2017; Smiatek 2017). The rising interest in aqueous ILs can be mainly rationalized in terms of a broad impact on several fields of research, ranging from food science and pharmaceutical applications to protein structure crystallography (Patel et al. This article is part of a Special Issue on “Ionic Liquids and Biomolecules” edited by Antonio Benedetto and Hans-Joachim Galla Jens Smiatek
[email protected] 1
Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
2
Helmholtz Institute M¨unster: Ionics in Energy Storage (HI MS – IEK 12), Forschungszentrum J¨ulich GmbH, Corrensstrasse 46, 48149 M¨unster, Germany
2014a). Besides long-time storage (Byrne and Angell 2008) and stimulated biocatalytic activities in neat ILs (van Rantwijk and Sheldon 2007; Zhao 2015b; Benedetto and Ballone 2015; Egorova et al. 2017), aqueous ILs have shown their benefits as promising solutions to systematically stabilize or destab
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