Astaxanthin protects cognitive function of vascular dementia
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Behavioral and Brain Functions Open Access
RESEARCH
Astaxanthin protects cognitive function of vascular dementia Ningwei Zhu1†, Xiao Liang2†, Ming Zhang3, Xiaolan Yin4, Hui Yang1, Yajun Zhi1, Guizhen Ying1, Jialing Zou1, Lei Chen1, Xiaokun Yao1 and Hongwei Li1*
Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of astaxanthin (AST) on cognition function, inflammatory response and oxidative stress in vascular dementia (VD) mice. Method: VD mice model was established by left unilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (LUCCAO). Following LUCCAO, AST was intragastrically administered for 30 days. Object recognition test and morris water maze test were used to evaluate cognitive function. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to observe the hippocampal neuron structure. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit and bicinchoninic acid kit were respectively adopted to measure IL-1β and IL-4 protein expression and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Results: AST improved the discrimination ability of VD mice. The escape latency and path length of VD mice treated with AST were dramatically reduced. Besides, AST 200 mg/kg enhanced crossing platform time and the number of times crossing the platform quadrant, and alleviated the morphological impairment in VD mice. Moreover, we found that AST inhibited IL-1β expression and MDA content, whereas promoted IL-4 expression and SOD activity in a dosedependent manner. Conclusion: AST could improve cognitive impairment and hippocampal neurons in VD mice, which may be related to suppression of inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Keywords: Vascular dementia, Cognition function, Anti-inflammation, Anti-oxidant, Astaxanthin Introduction Vascular dementia (VD) refers to acquired intelligence disorder syndrome, which is finally caused by the longterm exposure to various risk factors of cerebral vascular diseases such as cerebral ischemia and hypoxic damage [1]. The development of VD negatively impacts patient cognitive function, depression and anxiety, and working memory [2]. In recent years, the incidence of cerebrovascular diseases has been increasing with the acceleration *Correspondence: [email protected] † Ningwei Zhu and Xiao Liang contributed equally to this work 1 Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, 888 Yinxian Road, YinZhou District, Ningbo 315000, Zhejiang, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
of population aging, as well as the incidence of VD. Although the exact etiopathogenesis of VD remains unclear, numerous reports have shown that inflammatory response and oxidative stress may be the pathogenesis of cognitive dysfunction, resulting in brain structure abnormalities and dysfunction in VD mice [3, 4]. Therefore, it is urgent to identify potential therapeutic drugs for VD. Astaxanthin (3,3′-dihydroxy-b, b′-carotene-4,4′-dione, AST), a natural carotenoid with high anti-oxidative activity, is widely distrib
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