Bee Metaheuristics
This chapter introduces various algorithms that are inspired by the foraging, mating, fertilization, and communication behaviors of honey bees. Artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm and marriage in honeybees optimization are described in detail.
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This chapter introduces various algorithms that are inspired by the foraging, mating, fertilization, and communication behaviors of honey bees. Artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm and marriage in honeybees optimization are described in detail.
12.1 Introduction In nature, although each bee only performs one single task, yet through a variety of ways of communication between bees, such as waggle dance and special odor, the entire colony can complete complex works, such as hives building and pollen harvest [51]. A number of optimization algorithms are inspired by the intelligent behavior of honey bees, such as artificial bee colony (ABC) [27], bee colony optimization [57], bees algorithm [48], and bee nectar search optimization [7]. Bee Foraging Behavior Bees crawl along a straight line, and then turn left, moving as figure eight and swinging their belly. This is waggle dance, and the angle between the gravity direction and the center axis of the dance is exactly equal to the angle between the sun and food source. Waggle dance can also deliver information about the distance and direction of the food sources. The nature and duration of a waggle dance depends on the nectar content of the food source. Bees in the hive each select a food source to search for nectar, or investigate new food sources around the hive, from the information delivered by the waggle dance [54]. Through this kind of information exchanging and learning, the colony would always find relatively prominent nectar source. Following a visit to a nectar-rich inflorescence, a bee will fly a short distance to the next inflorescence, but direction is maintained; this is believed to avoid revisiting a © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 K.-L. Du and M.N.S. Swamy, Search and Optimization by Metaheuristics, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41192-7_12
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12 Bee Metaheuristics
site that it has depleted. When an inflorescence provides poor rewards, the bee will extend its flight and increase its turn angles to move away from the area. Initially, some scout bees search the region around the hive for food. After the search, they return to the hive and inform other bees of the locations, quantity and quality of food sources. In case they have discovered nectar, they will dance in the so-called dance floor area of the hive, to advertise food locations so as to encourage the other bees to follow them. If a bee decides to leave the hive and collect nectar, it will follow one of the dancing scout bees to the destination. Upon arriving at the food source, the foraging bee takes a load of nectar and returns to the hive, passing the nectar to a food storer. It can abandon the food location and return to its role of an uncommitted follower, or continue with the foraging behavior, or recruit other bees by dancing before returning to the food location. Several bees may attempt to recruit other bees at the dance floor area simultaneously. The process continues repeatedly, while bees accumulate nectar and explore new areas with potential food sources. The
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