Biodiesel from Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles: Preparation, Evaluation, and Properties
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Biodiesel from Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles: Preparation, Evaluation, and Properties Bryan R. Moser & Steven F. Vaughn
Published online: 3 December 2011 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. (outside the USA) 2011
Abstract A coproduct of dry-grind ethanol fermentation, corn distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS) represents a low-cost feedstock with potential to integrate production of biodiesel and ethanol. Oil extracted from DDGS was converted into distillers’ grains methyl (DGME) and ethyl (DGEE) esters. Pretreatment using sulfuric acid was effective at lowering the acid value of the crude oil from 27.15 to less than 0.30 mg KOH g−1, thus rendering it amenable to homogenous, base-catalyzed transesterification. Measurement of fuel properties and comparison to refined corn oil methyl (RCME) and ethyl (RCEE) esters revealed that the cold flow properties and oxidative stability of DGME and DGEE were deficient relative to RCME and RCEE. In the absence of antioxidants, DGME and DGEE did not meet the oxidative stability
Disclaimer Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the US Department of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. B. R. Moser (*) Bio-Oils Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA e-mail: [email protected] S. F. Vaughn Functional Foods Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
specifications of ASTM D6751 and EN 14214. The cetane number of DGEE was below the minimum limit specified in EN 14214. DGEE exhibited more favorable cold flow properties, iodine value, and energy content than DGME. Evaluation of blends (B5 and B20) in petroleum diesel fuel revealed that antioxidants and cetane enhancers would be required to meet the specifications of the US and European diesel fuel standards. Other fuel properties of the petrodiesel blends were largely neutral with respect to alkyl ester type and conformed to the limits specified in the respective standards. Keywords Biodiesel . Diesel fuel . Distillers’ dried grains with solubles . Transesterification Abbreviations AOCS American Oil Chemists’ Society AV Acid value CFPP Cold filter plugging point CP Cloud point DCN Derived cetane number DGEE Distillers’ grains ethyl esters DGME Distillers’ grains methyl esters DGO Distillers’ grains oil DDGS Distillers’ dried grains with solubles FA Fatty acid FAEE Fatty acid ethyl ester FAME Fatty acid methyl ester FFA Free fatty acid HHV Higher heating value IP Induction period IV Iodine value KV Kinematic viscosity PP Pour point
440
RCEE RCME RCO SG ULSD UM
Bioenerg. Res. (2012) 5:439–449
Refined corn oil ethyl esters Refined corn oil methyl este
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