Biotemplated synthesis of Au loaded Sn-doped TiO 2 hierarchical nanorods using nanocrystalline cellulose and their appli
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Sn doped TiO2 (SDT) hierarchical nanorods have been synthesized by using nanocystalline cellulose nanorod as biotemplate. Experimental results show that the phase transition from anatase to rutile can be realized by increasing the calcination temperature. In contrast to enhancing the calcination temperature, the Sn doping can more effectively improve the phase transition with remaining morphology due to the similar ionic radius and charge between Sn and Ti. The crystallinity, electronic structure, interface charge transfer process, and the specific surface area have a strong effect on the photocatalytic activity of the hierarchical TiO2 and SDT nanorods. Furthermore, the photocatalytic activity of SDT hierarchical nanorods can be obviously improved by loaded Au nanoparticles on the surface due to the local surface plasmon resonance effect of Au and formation of a Schottky barrier at the Au/TiO2 interface, which is in favor of the effective separation of photoinduced carriers and the formation of superoxide anion radicals.
I. INTRODUCTION
The applications of semiconductors in photocatalysis have attracted considerable attention worldwide due to the increasing demand for the environmental remediation and energy crises.1–6 TiO2 has been extensively investigated in the solar cells, hydrogen generation, and environmental cleaning due to its excellent chemical stability, nontoxicity, and photocatalytic activity.7–14 In general, TiO2 exhibits three polymorphs, i.e., rutile, anatase, and brookite; and rutile is the most stable and anatase has the highest photocatalytic activity.15 However, the photocatalytic activity of rutile is lower than that of anatase. It is challenging how to transfer anatase to rutile and further improve the photocatalytic effect of rutile due to their intrinsic physical properties. Some works have been developed to realize the phase transition from anatase to rutile. Among them, Sn-doped TiO2 (SDT) nanomaterials hold exciting implications for the phase transition and improving the stability of photocatalytic reaction.16,17 But, how to enhance the photocatalytic effect of SDT remains a challenge. Recently, noble metal–TiO2 heterostructure photocatalysts have attracted more attention owing to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and the effective charge carrier separation by forming a Schottky barrier at the Contributing Editor: Xiaobo Chen a) Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] b) These authors contributed equally to this work. DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2016.128 J. Mater. Res., Vol. 31, No. 10, May 28, 2016
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metal/TiO2 interface.18–38 Thus, it is highly desirable to load Au nanoparticles (NPs) on the surface of SDT nanorods to improve their photocatalytic activity. Furthermore, the surfactants have a strong effect on the synthesis of TiO2 nanostructures. The biomacromolecules display more prospect than the general surfactants. Recently, some chiral semiconductors have been prepared by using biomacromolecules (su
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