Challenges to the Second Law of Thermodynamics Theory and Experiment
The second law of thermodynamics is considered one of the central laws of science, engineering and technology. For over a century it has been assumed to be inviolable by the scientific community. Over the last 10-20 years, however, more than two dozen cha
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Fundamental Theories of Physics An International Book Series on The Fundamental Theories of Physics: Their Clarification, Development and Application
Editor: ALWYN VAN DER MERWE, University of Denver, U.S.A.
Editorial Advisory Board: JAMES T. CUSHING, University of Notre Dame, U.S.A. GIANCARLO GHIRARDI, University of Trieste, Italy LAWRENCE P. HORWITZ, Tel-Aviv University, Israel BRIAN D. JOSEPHSON, University of Cambridge, U.K. CLIVE KILMISTER, University of London, U.K. PEKKA J. LAHTI, University of Turku, Finland ASHER PERES, Israel Institute of Technology, Israel EDUARD PRUGOVECKI, University of Toronto, Canada TONY SUDBURY, University of York, U.K. HANS-JÜRGEN TREDER, Zentralinstitut für Astrophysik der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Germany
Volume 146
Challenges to the Second Law of Thermodynamics Theory and Experiment
By
Vladislav ýápek Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic and
Daniel P. Sheehan University of San Diego, San Diego, California, U.S.A.
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 1-4020-3015-0 (HB) ISBN 1-4020-3016-9 (e-book)
Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Sold and distributed in North, Central and South America by Springer, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Springer, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved © 2005 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the Netherlands.
To our wives, Jana and Annie
In Memoriam Vl´ ada (1943-2002)
Contents
Preface Acknowledgements
xiii xvi
1 Entropy and the Second Law 1.1 Early Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 The Second Law: Twenty-One Formulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 Entropy: Twenty-One Varieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.4 Nonequilibrium Entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.5 Entropy and the Second Law: Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 1.6 Zeroth and Third Laws of Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 References
30
2 Challenges (1870-1980) 2.1 Maxwell’s Demon and Other Victorian Devils . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.2 Exorcising Demons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.2.1 Smoluchowski and Brillouin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.2.2 Szilard Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.2.3 Self-Rectifying Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.3 Inviolability Arguments . . .
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