Chemical pressure-stabilized post spinel-NaMnSnO 4 as potential cathode for sodium-ion batteries
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Bull Mater Sci (2020)43:306 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-020-02203-6
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Chemical pressure-stabilized post spinel-NaMnSnO4 as potential cathode for sodium-ion batteries ADITI CHIRING1,2,3 and PREMKUMAR SENGUTTUVAN1,2,3,* 1
New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India 3 International Centre for Materials Science, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India *Author for correspondence ([email protected]) 2
MS received 20 January 2020; accepted 14 March 2020 Abstract. Spinel LiMn2O4 is a popular cathode material in lithium-ion batteries due to its high operating voltage and reversible specific capacity. Synthesizing analogous NaMn2O4 in the spinel structure, for sodium-ion batteries, is challenging due to the thermodynamic instability of the compound, mostly arising due to Jahn–Teller distortion of the Mn3? centre. However, post-spinel NaMn2O4 (named as such because the compounds were initially achieved by subjecting a spinel phase to high pressure) could be synthesized at a high temperature and pressure (1373 K and 4.5 GPa, respectively) and is found to be stable at standard conditions. Also, these compounds have a lower ion diffusion barrier than their respective spinels. In this work, an attempt has been made to induce chemical pressure within the system by the use of a heavy cation, i.e., Sn4? in the framework, to synthesize post-spinel NaMnSnO4 at ambient pressure conditions. The asprepared NaMnSnO4 samples are characterized with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy and galvanostatic cycling with potential limitation measurements. Keywords.
1.
Post-spinel compounds; NaMnSnO4; sodium-ion batteries.
Introduction
Due to the growing concerns over depleting fossil fuels and increasing CO2 footprint, the recent focus has shifted towards the development of cleaner and sustainable energy sources. Along with the research on the production of clean energy, it is also important to have an efficient energy storage system. In this regard, rechargeable batteries stand out due to their economic maintenance and comparable energy and power densities. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), with high operating voltages and energy densities, have captured the markets of portable electronics and electric vehicles [1,2]. However, their application to the grid storage is limited by high cost, accessibility and availability of lithium resources. To address this problem, recent research efforts have shifted towards the development of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to inexpensive and earth-abundant sodium precursors. On account of the chemical similarity between lithium and sodium, the design knowledge gained from LIBs could be imparted to develop electrode materials for SIBs [3,4]. Sodium-layered oxides are one of the
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