Chiropractic Not All That It's Cracked Up to Be
Of all forms of alternative medicine, chiropractic is the one that is most generally accepted. In the UK, for instance, chiropractors are regulated by statute and even have their own ‘Royal College of Chiropractic’. In the US, chiropractic’s country
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Not All That It’s Cracked Up to Be
Chiropractic
Edzard Ernst
Chiropractic Not All That It’s Cracked Up to Be
Edzard Ernst Cambridge, UK
ISBN 978-3-030-53117-1 ISBN 978-3-030-53118-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53118-8
(eBook)
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Contents
1
Introduction
1
2
The History of Chiropractic
3
3
Current Popularity of Chiropractic
17
4
Subluxation
25
5
Spinal Manipulation
37
6
Other Alternative Modalities Used by Chiropractors Acupuncture Applied Kinesiology Chelation Therapy Cupping Detox Dietary Supplements Energy Healing Homeopathy Massage Mind-Body Therapies Vega Test
45 46 47 48 48 50 50 51 51 53 55 56
v
vi
Contents
7
Therapeutic Claims by (and Ambitions of ) Chiropractors
59
8
Other Manual Therapies Bowen Technique Craniosacral Therapy Dorn Method Khalifa Therapy Naprapathy Osteopathy Polarity Therapy Rolfing Tragerwork Visceral Osteopathy
73 73 74 75 76 76 77 80 81 82 83
9
What Is Evidence?
85
10
Effectiveness of Spinal Manipulation for Spinal Problems Treatment of Acute Low Back Pain Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain Treatment of Neck Pain
91 92 93 98
11
Effectiveness of Spinal Manipulation in Other Problems Migraine Other Forms of Headache Otitis Media Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Fibromyalgia Treatment of Shoulder Problems Osteoarthritis Sport Injuries Any Non-spinal Pain Opioid Over-Use Hypertension Gastrointestinal Problems
103 105 106 106 107 108 108 109 110 111 112 113 114
Contents
vii
12
Chiropractic for Children Potential for Harm
117 124
13
Disease Prevention
129
14
Direct Risks of Spinal Manipulation Minor Problems Cerebral Accidents Eye Inju
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