Chronic kidney disease in Cameroon: a scoping review
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REVIEW
Open Access
Chronic kidney disease in Cameroon: a scoping review Jerry Brown Aseneh1,2* , Ben-Lawrence A. Kemah1,3, Stephane Mabouna1, Mbeng Emmanuel Njang1,4, Domin Sone Majunda Ekane1,5 and Valirie Ndip Agbor1,6
Abstract Objectives: This scoping review sought to summarize available data on the prevalence, associated factors, etiology, comorbidities, treatment, cost and mortality of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Cameroon. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus and African Journals Online from database inception to 31 March, 2020 to identify all studies published on the prevalence, associated factors, etiology, comorbidities, treatment, cost and mortality of CKD in Cameroon. Results: Thirty studies were included. The prevalence of CKD varied from 3 to 14.1 and 10.0%–14.2% in rural and urban areas, respectively. The prevalence of CKD in patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and human immunodeficiency virus was 12.4–50.0, 18.5%, and 3.0–47.2%, respectively. Hypertension (22.3–59.1%), chronic glomerulonephritis (15.8– 56.2%), and diabetes mellitus (15.8–56.2%) were the most common causes of CKD. The cause was unknown in 13.5– 17.0% of the cases. Advanced age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity were frequent associated factors. Hemodialysis was the main treatment modality in patients with End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). The monthly cost of management of non-dialyzed CKD was 163 US dollars. The one-year mortality rate of ESRD was 26.8–38.6%. Conclusion: Chronic kidney disease affects about one in 10 adults in the general population in Cameroon. Patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and human immunodeficiency virus bear the greatest burden of CKD in Cameroon. Advanced age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity are major factors associated with CKD. Chronic kidney disease in Cameroon is associated with high morbidity and mortality and huge economic cost on the patient. Keywords: Chronic kidney disease, End stage renal disease, Cameroon
Background Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is an abnormality in kidney structure or function assessed using a matrix of variables including glomerular filtration rate (GFR), thresholds of albuminuria and duration of injury [1]. The global prevalence of CKD in 2015 was estimated at 13.4% [2], with a prevalence as high as 36.1% amongst high-risk populations [3]. Chronic kidney disease poses a serious threat to global health due to * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Health Research, Health Education and Research Organization (HERO), Buea, Cameroon 2 Clinical Research Education, Networking and Consultancy (CRENC), Douala, Cameroon Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
its high morbidity and mortality rate [4]. According to the 2015 Global Burden of Disease Study, CKD was the 12th common cause of mortality, accounting for about 1.1 million deaths worldwide [5]. Mortality due to CKD increased by 31.7% over the past decade to represent one of the rapidly rising causes of death worldwide [5]. Chronic kidne
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