Class Formation, Civil Society and the State A Comparative Analysis

Rather than a ranking system based on occupational prestige, this book explains social stratification through political events and decisions. Using analyses of Russia, France, the United States and England, Burrage claims that class stems from the habitua

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Michael Burrage

Class Formation, Civil Society and the State

Also by Michael Burrage REVOLUTION AND THE MAKING OF THE CONTEMPORARY LEGAL PROFESSION IN FRANCE, THE UNITED STATES AND ENGLAND PROFESSIONS IN THEORY AND HISTORY Rethinking the Study of the Professions (edited with Rolf Torstendahl) THE FORMATION OF PROFESSIONS Knowledge, State and Strategy (edited with Rolf Torstendahl)

Class Formation, Civil Society and the State A Comparative Analysis of Russia, France, the US and England Michael Burrage

© Michael Burrage 2008 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2008 978-1-4039-4594-5 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2008 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-52330-6 ISBN 978-0-230-59336-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230593367

This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 17

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Contents

Acknowledgements

ix

Chapter 1

1

An English Obsession, Myth and Mystery

Why no one answered Orwell England in cross-national surveys Questions and clues arising

1 6 14

Chapter 2

19

Lessons from Comparative Theories

Djilas’s theory of a ‘new class’ Post-Marxist theories in Britain Comparison via correlation coefficients in the United States A bold step backwards

19 21 26 30

Chapter 3 Them?

35

What Are Classes? And Who Forms and Dissolves

Class defined The two agents of class formation How will we identify classes?

35 36 45

Chapter 4

49

Class Formation in Two Russias

The official classes of Imperial Russia And the unofficia