Classification Theory of Riemannian Manifolds Harmonic, quasiharmoni

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605 Leo Sario Mitsuru Nakai

Cecilia Wang Lung Ock Chung

Classification Theory of Riemannian Manifolds

Harmonic, quasiharmonic and biharmonic functions

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg NewYork 1977

Authors

Leo Sario Department of Mathematics University of California Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA

Cecilia Wang Department of Mathematics Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85281 USA

Mitsuru Nakai Department of Mathematics Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya 466 Japan

Lung Ock Chung Department of Mathematics North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 2?60? USA

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Main e~try under title: Classification theory of Riemannian manifolds. (Lecture notes in mathematics ; 605) Bibliography: p. Includes indexes. 1. Harmonic functions. 2. Riemannian manifolds. I. Sario, Leo. II. Series: Lecture notes in mathematics (Berlin) ; 605. QA3.L28 no. 605 cQ~05~ 510t.Ss ~515'.533 77-22197

AMS Subject Classifications (1970): 31 BXX

tSBN 3-540-08358-8 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN 0-38?-08358-8 Springer-Verlag New York Heidelberg Berlin This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to the publisher, the amount of the fee to be determined by agreement with the publisher. © by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1977 Printed in Germany Printing and binding: Beltz Offsetdruck, Hemsbach/Bergstr. 2141/3140-543210

To Angus E. Taylor

TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface and Historical Note CHAPTER 0 ~CE-BELTRAMI

~.

OPERATOR

Riemannian manifolds

12.

1. l,

Covariant and contravariant vectors

12

1.2.

Metric tensor

13

1.3.

Laplace-Beltrami operator

16

Harmonic forms

18

2.1.

Differential p-forms

18

2.2.

Hodge operator

2O

2.3.

Exterior derivative and coderivative

21

2.4.

Laplace-Beltrami operator

22

CHAPTER I HARMONIC FUNCTIONS §l.

Relations

ON = OGN < OB~ p 2

by

N-space

But in other problems, such as the strictness of

and

punctured

N < 0HD, N 0HB

the

higher dimensions brought in challenging difficulties that were only recently overcome.

The main gain in the shift to Riemannian manifolds was the availability

of new aspects that were not meaningful on abstract Riem~nn surfaces.

The

Lp

finiteness of the function and the completeness of the manifold are typical of these.

An account of this fourth phase of classification theory is given in

Chapter I of the present monograph. Fifth phase To anderstand the inauguration of the fifth phase of classification theory, the biharmonic classification of Riemanniau manifolds, we have to go back to the origin of biharmonic functions and to Airy, Astronomer Royal.

In fact, at this

point we intentionally go somewhat beyond the topic at hand, as we are her