Composite indicators in evaluating tourism performance and seasonality
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Composite indicators in evaluating tourism performance and seasonality Christina Bampatsou1,2 · George Halkos2 · Olga‑Helen Astara1 Received: 31 March 2020 / Revised: 24 September 2020 / Accepted: 30 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study proposes the use of the Gini index and the non-parametric method of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) for strategic planning and performance management in the Greek tourism sector. To attain our research effort, we use an innovative two-stage DEA bootstrap procedure to establish, among other determinants, the Gini coefficient in the light of tourism performance. According to our scale analysis a high turnover rate of low-skilled and badly paid seasonal jobs is an important challenge need to be addressed, by promoting full and productive employment. The results of the Simar and Wilson two stage analysis reveal that Greece’s seasonality and the number of overnights by domestic tourists are negatively related with tourism performance. In fact the global financial recession and the austerity measures implemented on the Greek economy had a high impact on the domestic tourism behavior. However this situation could be reversed through price differentiation and tax incentives. In contrast to domestic tourists, the number of inbound overnight stays is positively associated with tourism performance, as a result of the growth path from 2010 onward, of the world’s major economies. This trend must be further strengthened through alternative forms of tourism such as cultural tourism that needs more concentration on upgrading the attractiveness of museums and archaeological sites. Keywords Sustainable tourism · Seasonality · Performance · Gini coefficient · Two stage DEA · Regional development · Greece
* George Halkos [email protected] 1
Department of Regional Development, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Ionian University, Filosofon & Tzeveleki, 31100 Lefkada, Greece
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Laboratory of Operations Research, Department of Economics, University of Thessaly, 78 October 28th Str, 38333 Volos, Greece
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1 Introduction Nowadays, tourism is one of the largest and continuously-growing economic sectors worldwide. It is an important factor which drives socio-economic progress as it promotes economies and leads to the creation of jobs, incomes, investments and exports. Tourism has proven to be a consolidated sector that continues to maintain high levels of activity. It has also contributed to the economic recovery, despite the obstacles faced when of the unprecedented financial and economic crisis hit the world in 2008. Greece is ranked 13th in the world in terms of number of arrivals in 2018, according to the World Tourism Organization (INSETE 2018a). The direct contribution of tourism to the formation of GDP for the year 2018 amounted to 11.7% or about € 21.6 billion. Taking into account the multiplier benefits, the total contribution amounted to between € 47.4 billion and € 57.1 billion, or respecti
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