Compositional Modification of Tool Steel to Improve Its Wear Resistance
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COMMONLY used laser deposition technologies that use powders or wires as surface materials include direct metal deposition (DMD), laser cladding (LC), and laser metal deposition (LMD), among others. In recent years, deposition technologies have improved due to the advantages of cheaply repairing high-cost components and prototyping parts, and they have been used in applications where the manufacturing volume was low.[1–4] The rapid heating and cooling associated with these deposition processes allow the user to obtain clad materials that have a microstructure composed of a fine grain and greater homogeneity than their forged steel equivalent.[5] As indicated by different studies, this
MAIDER MURO, and GARIKOITZ ARTOLA are with the Metallurgy Research Centre IK4 AZTERLAN, Metallurgical Processes, Forming Technology Unit, Aliendalde Auzunea 6, 48200 Durango, Spain. JOSU LEUNDA, and CARLOS SORIANO are with the IK4-Tekniker, Advanced Manufacturing Technologies Unit, Polo Tecnolo´gico de Eibar, Calle In˜aki Goenaga 5, 20600 Eibar, Spain. CARLOS ANGULO is with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain. Contact e-mail: [email protected] Manuscript submitted November 12, 2018. Article published online May 29, 2019 3912—VOLUME 50A, AUGUST 2019
process results in an improvement in the steel’s wear resistance, which can be attributed to the increased hardness in the steel, as well as to the uniformity and integrity of the microstructure of the clad material obtained by LC.[6] In addition, for identical chemical compositions, differences in hardness values between the clad materials and forged materials are attributed to their microstructures.[7,8] In order to minimize the wear rates of hot working tools, it is necessary to understand the factors that are related to their wear mechanisms. This knowledge can be used to select the proper tool steel, and therefore increase the tool’s life. Telasang et al. studied the microstructural and mechanical properties (wear resistance and tensile strength) of the hardened and tempered AISI H13 tool steel substrates following laser cladding with AISI H13 tool steel powder in the as-clad and after post-cladding conventional bulk isothermal tempering heat treatments. Wear resistances of the laser surface clad and post-cladding tempered samples (evaluated by fretting wear testing) registered superior performance compared to that of the conventional hardened and tempered AISI H13 tool steel.[6] Ghiotti et al. proved that the tribological characteristics of the metal blank surface in terms of friction coefficient depend on the blank temperature and contact pressure.[9] Muro et al. investigated friction and wear behaviors of different tool steels sliding against a 22MnB5 uncoated steel at elevated temperatures using
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
a high-temperature version of the Optimol SRV reciprocating friction and wear tester. SEM inspections confirmed that oxide layer debris is re
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