Conceptual Exploration
This is the first textbook on attribute exploration, its theory, its algorithms forapplications, and some of its many possible generalizations. Attribute explorationis useful for acquiring structured knowledge through an interactive process, byasking quer
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nceptual Exploration
Conceptual Exploration
Bernhard Ganter • Sergei Obiedkov
Conceptual Exploration
Bernhard Ganter Mathematik Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
Sergei Obiedkov Higher School of Economics National Research University Moskva, Russia
ISBN 978-3-662-49290-1 ISBN 978-3-662-49291-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-49291-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016941508 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer-Verlag GmbH Berlin Heidelberg
Dedicated to Rudolf Wille, who started it all.
Contents About this book 1
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Concept lattices 1.1 Examples of concept lattices . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Basic notions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1 Formal contexts and cross-tables . . . . . 1.2.2 The derivation operators . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.3 Formal concepts, extents and intents . . . 1.2.4 Conceptual hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 The algebra of concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.1 Reading a concept lattice diagram . . . . 1.3.2 Supremum and infimum . . . . . . . . . 1.3.3 Complete lattices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.4 The basic theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 How to draw a concept lattice diagram . . . . . . 1.4.1 Finding the concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.2 An example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.3 Clarifying and reducing a formal context 1.4.4 Computer programs . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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An algorithm for c
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