Controlling the Morphology of Polymers Multiple Scales of Structure
This book focuses on controlling morphology of different scales for polymers. The authors explain the need for successful control of morphology to yield target macroscopic physical properties in the application of polymers to diverse areas such as en
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trolling the Morphology of Polymers Multiple Scales of Structure and Processing
Controlling the Morphology of Polymers
Geoffrey R. Mitchell • Ana Tojeira Editors
Controlling the Morphology of Polymers Multiple Scales of Structure and Processing
Editors Geoffrey R. Mitchell Product Center for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development Institute Polytechnic of Leiria Marinha Grande, Portugal
Ana Tojeira Product Center for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development Institute Polytechnic of Leiria Marinha Grande, Portugal
ISBN 978-3-319-39320-9 ISBN 978-3-319-39322-3 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-39322-3
(eBook)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016947449 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland The Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature
To our families, for all the joy and inspiration. Dedicated to the memory of Jill Mitchell (1948–2015).
Preface
The possibility of long-chain molecules was established at the start of the twentieth century through the pioneering work of Hermann Staudinger (1920), who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1953 “for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry.” Much of the twentieth century was dominated by the ingenious work of synthetic organic chemists in producing polymers with particular chemical configurations and molecular lengths. The first to dominate the field were Giulio Natta and Karl Zeigler whose work led to the commercial production of stereoregular alpha olefins such as polypropylene (Natta 1967). The contribution of Karl Ziegler was the discovery of the first titanium-based catalysts. Giulio Natta used such catalysis to prepare stereoregular polymers from propylene. Both were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1963. Other developments have built on these early steps. In the 1950s, scientists at Phillips Petroleum discovered that ch
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