Counseling
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Counseling
Description
Asa-Sophia Maglio and Pamela Patterson Counselling Psychology Program, Adler University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Counseling History and Development Arguably, counseling is one of the world’s oldest professions (Torrey 1972). The ancient Greeks identified psychological ailments as treatable, with remedies and cures in the form of relaxation, retreats, and guidance. Modern counseling has a diverse historical lineage, from child and career guidance to individual and social well-being movements. The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries saw the genesis of modern psychotherapy with the talk therapy of Sigmund Freud (1920) and the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, a group of preeminent theorists and psychotherapists (e.g., Jung 1968; Adler 1927). The Social reform movements of the early twentieth century fostered the advancement of counseling through the development of child guidance programs in schools and career guidance in the broader community. Child guidance programs and clinics were implemented to support children’s development and provide community mental health services (e.g., Adlerian child guidance clinics in Vienna [1918], Chicago’s child guidance clinic [1938]). Vocational and career guidance programs identified skills and competencies that would support the individual with entering or re-entering the workforce (e.g., Bureau of Vocational Guidance [1905], Parson’s Trait and Factor Theory of Career Development [1909]). These early developments in counseling were direct responses to
Synonyms Career development; Career guidance; Clinical counseling; Counseling education; Counseling psychology; Group therapy; Guidance; Marriage and family therapy; Psychotherapy; Substance abuse counseling; Therapy
Definition Counseling takes improved wellness and quality of life as core objectives achieved through intentional therapeutic engagement. Twenty-nine different organizations dedicated to the advancement of the counseling practice and profession formulated and endorsed the following definition: “Counseling is a professional relationship that empowers diverse individuals, families, and groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals” (American Counseling Association 2010).
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 F. Maggino (ed.), Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69909-7_603-2
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the need to foster individual wellness and quality of life by supporting people in dealing with some of the ordinary challenges of day to day life though personal support, guidance, and access to resources. A key contribution of career counseling was the development of personal potential and effective decision making through self-awareness (e.g., Super 1957). The Evolution of Counseling Theories; Varying Models of Wellness Theory-driven approaches to counseling multiplied through the twentieth century. Theories of counseling prescribe key practice elements including the nature of the therapeutic relationship, the necessary assessment of
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