Creativity and Innovation in the Music Industry
When my Habilitation (the tenure research document for my professorship) was published for the first time by StudienVerlag in 2003, I did not expect that a scientific study such as this would reach such a large readership in the Germ- speaking world. Howe
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Creativity and Innovation in the Music Industry by
PETER TSCHMUCK Institute of Culture Management and Culture Science, University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna, Austria
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN-10 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 ISBN-13
1-4020-4274-4 (HB) 978-1-4020-4274-4 (HB) 1-4020-4275-2 (e-book) 978-1-4020-4275-1 (e-book)
Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com
Printed on acid-free paper
Printed with the support of the Austrian Ministery of Education, Science, and Culture
All Rights Reserved © 2006 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the Netherlands.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
ix
Acknowledgements
xi
Introduction
Chapter 1:
Chapter 2:
Chapter 3:
Chapter 4:
Chapter 5:
xiii 1. Aim and Structure of the Book 2. Implications of Culture Institutions Studies
xiii xvi
The Emergence of the Phonographic Industry Within the Music Industry
1
1. The Phonograph as Business Machine 2. “Coin-in-the-Slot:”-Machine 3. Records and Gramophones 4. “Herr Doctor Brahms Plays the Piano”
1 6 9 15
The Music Industry Boom until 1920
19
1. The Global Competition in the Phonographic Industry 2. The U.S. Market before World War I 3. The European Market during World War I 4. The Music Repertory on Record between 1900 and 1920
19 24 27 28
New Technology and the Emergence of Jazz
41
1. The Phonographic Industry’s Business Cycle from 1920 to 1945 2. The Phonographic Industry and Broadcasting in the U.S. and Europe 3. “Race Music” and “Hillbilly” 4. Electrical Recording
41 44 51 55
The Music Industry as Radio Industry
61
1. Recession and Depression on the U.S. Phonogram Market 2. Market Concentration in Europe 3. The Dominance of Broadcasting and Sound Films in the U.S. Music Industry 4. Music as an Instrument of Ideology in Europe
61
The Swing Monopoly during the Years of Wartime Economy
77
1. The Music Industry during World War II 2. The Swing Monopoly 3. Music as Propaganda 4. The Intellectualization of Jazz: Bebop
77 81 84 87
63 69 70
vi Chapter 6:
Chapter 7:
Chapter 8:
Chapter 9:
TABLE OF CONTENTS Rock ‘n’ Roll Revolution
91
1. Economic Recovery and Technological Innovation 2. The End of the U.S. Music Oligopoly 3. From Rhythm & Blues to Rock ‘n’ Roll 4. Music Production in Post-war Europe
91 94 101 109
The Recovery of the Phonographic Industry and New Global Players
115
1. A Decade of Market Growth (1960-1969) 2. European Majors on the Advance 3. The Recovery of the U.S. Majors under New Leadership 4. The Produced Sound
115 117 120
The Era of Music Conglomerates
133
1. The First Merger Mania in
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