Differential associations between passive and active forms of screen time and adolescent mood and anxiety disorders
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Differential associations between passive and active forms of screen time and adolescent mood and anxiety disorders Soyeon Kim1 · Lindsay Favotto2 · Jillian Halladay2 · Li Wang1,2 · Michael H. Boyle1 · Katholiki Georgiades1 Received: 4 May 2019 / Accepted: 3 February 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Objectives To quantify the strength of association between passive and active forms of screen time and adolescent major depressive episode and anxiety disorders. Methods Data from the 2014 Ontario Child Health Study, a representative sample of 2,320 adolescents aged 12–17 years in Ontario (mean age = 14.58, male = 50.7%) were used. Screen time was measured using adolescent self-report on time spent on screen-based activities. Past 6-month occurrence of DSM-IV-TR defined major depressive episode, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, and specific phobia which were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents. Result Adolescents reporting 4 or more hours of passive screen time per day, compared to those reporting less than 2 h, were three times more likely to meet the DSM-IV-TR criteria for major depressive episode [OR = 3.28(95% CI = 1.71–6.28)], social phobia [OR = 3.15 (95% CI = 1.57–6.30)] and generalized anxiety disorder [OR = 2.92 (95% CI = 1.64–5.20)]. Passive screen time continued to be significantly associated with increased odds of disorders, after adjusting for age, sex, low income, active screen time use, sleep and physical activity. A small-to-moderate attenuation of the estimated ORs was observed in the fully adjusted model. In contrast, associations between active screen time use and depression and anxiety disorders were smaller in magnitude and failed to reach statistical significance. Conclusions Passive screen time use was associated with mood and anxiety disorders, whereas active screen time was not. Further research is needed to better understand the underlying processes contributing to differential risk associated with passive versus active screen time use and adolescent mood and anxiety disorders. Keywords Screen time · Adolescent · Depression · Anxiety · Physical activity · Sleep
Introduction Adolescence is a vulnerable developmental period for the emergence of mental disorders, with half of lifetime mental disorders initially presenting before age 14 [1]. Based on a recent meta-analysis, 13.4% of children and adolescents in high-income countries have a mental disorder, with rates * Soyeon Kim [email protected] 1
Offord Centre for Child Studies and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, McMaster Innovation Park, Hamilton Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
2
of anxiety and depressive disorders estimated at 6.5% and 2.6%, respectively [2]. Among adolescents in Canada, the prevalence of
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