Does Parental Monitoring During Adolescence Moderate Neighborhood Effects on African American Youth Outcomes?
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Does Parental Monitoring During Adolescence Moderate Neighborhood Effects on African American Youth Outcomes? Keith C. Herman
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Brandy Pugh1,2 Nicholas Ialongo3 ●
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Published online: 18 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The present study investigated the effects of parental monitoring, neighborhood risk, and racism experiences during early adolescence on adolescents’ emotional and behavioral outcomes in high school. Five hundred twenty-two African American youth and their parents and teachers completed surveys about youth development over time. Consistent with our hypotheses, we found that neighborhood risk and racism had small and significant relations with anxiety, oppositional behavior, and conduct problems. Additionally, parental monitoring moderated the effects of neighborhood risk on behavior problems in both 9th and 12th grade, controlling for baseline problems. Finally, parental monitoring did not moderate effects of risk contexts on the development of anxiety problems. Findings are discussed with regard to implications for supporting effective parenting practices in high-risk contexts. Keywords Parental monitoring Neighborhood risk Racism African American Youth ●
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Highlights African American youth reports of low parental monitoring in high risk neighborhoods during early adolescence predicted an escalation of youth problem behaviors two years later, and these effects were sustained at five years. ● Examining supports and other interventions to help parents—in these high-risk settings during this development period especially—increase their attention and awareness of their child’s whereabouts may yield significant benefits and alter life course trajectories of youth in a favorable way. ● Finding other ways to support parents and youth in high risk contexts and how they interact with one another can lead to improved outcomes for youth most at risk. ●
Parents living in high risk contexts are challenged to provide safe and effective environments for their children. Toxic environments characterized by high risk of exposure to abuse, violence, crime, and traumatic events can undermine youth social, emotional, and behavioral health (Biglan et al., 2012). Providing parents with strategies and guidance on how to minimize the deleterious consequence of toxic
* Keith C. Herman [email protected] 1
Missouri Prevention Science Insitute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
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Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
environments may help promote adaptive youth outcomes even in difficult circumstances. Several studies have supported the contention that some adaptive parenting qualities may vary across contextual aspects of the cultural environment (Dearing, 2004; Furstenberg et al., 1999; Herman et al., 2007). In particular, some research has suggested that harsh and punitive practices may be adaptive in high risk settings for some youth (De
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