Dying and Death
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Dying and Death
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Dying and Death Sharon R. Kaufman
INTRODUCTION Dying and death are profound aspects of human experience whose definitions and meanings are fabricated through cultural and historical lenses. Though death is biologically inevitable, it is also a social fact; knowledge about it is made. It is understood through frameworks of religion and social structure, science and medicine, loss and disruption that are available to individuals within societies. There is no such thing as a natural death, that is, a death that occurs beyond the boundaries of culture and historical moment, social norms and expectations, tradition and innovation. The anthropology of dying and death itself, considered from the early days of ethnographic practice, illustrates a major shift in how those terms have been situated and employed. Late 19th and early 20th century studies of death were conducted within the frameworks of the anthropology and sociology of religion, ritual practice, and structural–functionalism. Recent critiques of early studies note their attention to normative practices surrounding the corpse, the funeral, and the bereaved to the exclusion of acknowledgement of the dying person and the intense emotions surrounding the dying transition. Late 20th century and contemporary studies focus
primarily on controversies that emerge from biomedical understandings about the physiologic body, the brain and the idea of consciousness, and how the cessation of lif
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