Effects of Maternal Cadmium Exposure on Female Reproductive Functions, Gamete Quality, and Offspring Development in Zebr
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Effects of Maternal Cadmium Exposure on Female Reproductive Functions, Gamete Quality, and Offspring Development in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Su Mei Wu • Pei Ju Tsai • Ming Yi Chou Wen-Der Wang
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Received: 2 August 2012 / Accepted: 22 April 2013 Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
Abstract Impacts of maternal Cd2? exposure on female zebrafish (Danio rerio) were observed in females as well as their offspring. In females, Cd disturbed fecundity and other reproductive functions. In their offspring, it retarded gamete development and growth and influenced gene expression. There was a positive relationship between Cd2? contents in ovaries of females and treatment doses of 0–8.9 lM of Cd2?. The mating rate decreased by 60 % when females were exposed to 8.9–35.6 lM of Cd2? for 72 h compared with the control group. It was observed that growth is delayed by one somite stage in maternal-Cd2? embryos compared with control embryos, which grew at the sixth-somite stage. The ceratohyal angles of larvae of Cd-exposed adults (maternal Cd2?) at 72 h postfertilization (hpf) appeared to have a positive response after doses of maternal Cd. In addition, approximately 30 % of 96-hpf larvae that were treated with a dose of 35.6 lM of maternal Cd2? appeared to have pericardial edema. At the 5-hpf stage of maternal Cd2? exposure, embryos showed 33 and 37 target genes, respectively, that were significantly downregulated and upregulated as shown by cDNA microarray analysis. A major effect of maternal Cd2? Ming Yi Chou and Wen-Der Wang contributed equally for this study. S. M. Wu (&) P. J. Tsai Department of Aquatic Biosciences, National Chiayi University, 300 University Road, Chiayi 600, Taiwan e-mail: [email protected] M. Y. Chou Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan W.-D. Wang Department of Bioagriculture, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
exposure on zebrafish embryo genes is that 18.9 % of transcription functions were upregulated. In addition, 33.3 % of transcripts relative to the function of protein biosynthesis were downregulated. These results showed that maternal Cd2? exposure influenced the reproduction ability of females and also caused their embryos to develop with abnormal gene expression.
Cadmium (Cd) has been shown to be responsible for a number of reproductive abnormalities in fish. However, the effects of Cd in fish depend on the dosage of Cd2? exposure and the sensitivity of the species. For example, Szczerbik et al. (2006) reported that the highest dose of dietary Cd2? (10 mg/g) significantly decreased the gonadosomatic index in goldfish, but it had no influence after 0.1–1.0 mg/g of Cd2? exposure. Dietrich et al. (2010) reported that inhibition of rainbow trout sperm motility was found at 24 h after 0.89 mM of Cd2? exposure. In addition, Cd2? affects many mechanisms involved in seasonal hormonal cycles and spermatogenesis (Kime 1999). It has been reported that Cd2? is an endocrine-disrupting chemical in polluted water environments: Cd2? inhibit
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