Efficient Melt Stirring Using Pulse Sequences of a Rotating Magnetic Field: Part I. Flow Field in a Liquid Metal Column
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DOI: 10.1007/s11663-008-9147-5 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2008
Erratum to: METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B, Vol. 38B, No. 6, December 2007 DOI: 10.1007/s11663-007-9096-4
THE color figures in this article were inadvertently printed in black and white in the printed issue.
S. ECKERT, Senior Research Scientist, D. RA¨BIGER, Graduate Student, and G. GERBETH, Group Leader, are with the MHD Department, Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (FZD), D-01314, Dresden, Germany. Contact e-mail: [email protected] P.A. NIKRITYUK, Postdoctoral Fellow, and K. ECKERT, Group Leader, are with the Institute for Aerospace Engineering, Dresden University of Technology, D-01062, Dresden, Germany. The online version of the original article can be found under doi: 10.1007/s11663-007-9096-4. Article published online April 30, 2008. 374—VOLUME 39B, APRIL 2008
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
Efficient Melt Stirring Using Pulse Sequences of a Rotating Magnetic Field: Part I. Flow Field in a Liquid Metal Column S. ECKERT, P.A. NIKRITYUK, D. RA¨BIGER, K. ECKERT, and G. GERBETH The use of a pulsed, rotating magnetic field (RMF) is presented as an auspicious method for obtaining an intensive stirring and mixing in a pool of liquid metal; the RMF pulses within a sequence have been applied with a constant or alternating direction. The resulting flow structure in a cylindrical liquid metal column has been explored by numerical simulations and by model experiments, using the ternary alloy GaInSn. Ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry (UDV) has been used to determine profiles of the vertical velocity. Both the numerical results and the velocity measurements demonstrate the capability of the proposed stirring regimes for overcoming the limited mixing character of conventional rotary stirring. The application of a time-modulated RMF offers considerable potential for providing an optimal flow pattern in a solidifying melt, for reasons of a well-aimed modification of casting properties. DOI: 10.1007/s11663-007-9096-4 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2007
I.
INTRODUCTION
ALTERNATING current (AC) magnetic fields are commonly used in industrial practice for melt stirring.[1–6] The requirements arising from the particular metallurgical or casting operation are manifold. For example, the electromagnetic stirring should provide an efficient mixing of the melt or counterbalance buoyancy-driven flows. In principle, different magnetic fields (rotating, traveling, pulsating, and combinations of these three) are available, but each field type gives rise to a more or less symptomatic flow pattern. For the optimization of melt-stirring operations, a suitable magnetic field design has to be chosen. Furthermore, the magnetic-field parameters (amplitude, frequency, and spatial and temporal structure) have to be adjusted according to the requirements. In the present article, we consider the standard case of electromagnetic stirring by means of a rotating magnetic field (RMF). The rotary stirring is tho
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