Equilibrium strategy based waste load allocation using simulated annealing optimization algorithm
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Equilibrium strategy based waste load allocation using simulated annealing optimization algorithm Motahareh Saadatpour & Abbas Afshar Helaleh Khoshkam & Shwet Prakash
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Received: 21 May 2019 / Accepted: 24 August 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract This study focuses on development of equilibrium strategy based on simulated annealing (SA) algorithm for balancing economic and environmental concerns in waste load allocation (WLA) problem. To resolve conflicts among various stakeholders, including Iran Department of Environment (DoE) as governmental authority and industrial and municipal dischargers, Stackelberg and Nash bargaining games have been applied in this WLA problem and the results have been compared. SA algorithm has been coupled to QUAL2Kw model to derive optimal WLA program and the environmental penalty tariff (EPT) in Nash bargaining and Stackelberg games. The proposed tools and methodologies were illustrated in a case study of multi-stakeholders WLA problem in Gheshlagh River, Sanandaj, Kordestan, Iran. The results indicate that M. Saadatpour (*) : A. Afshar School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran e-mail: [email protected]
A. Afshar e-mail: [email protected] H. Khoshkam Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Environment, Karaj, Alborz, Iran e-mail: [email protected] S. Prakash Partner, Environmental Resource Management (ERM), Pennsylvania, USA e-mail: [email protected]
lower BOD removal rates are allocated to the pollutant dischargers in the Stackelberg game compared to the Nash bargaining game. Furthermore, the EPT assigned by Iran DoE in Stackelberg and Nash bargaining games are 11.25 and 3.6 Rials/(gr/month), respectively. The estimated EPT in the Stackelberg game is close to the current tariff (10 Rials/(gr/month)) specified by Iran DoE on impermissible BOD discharges. Keywords Nash bargaining game . Optimum waste load allocation . QUAL2Kw . Simulated annealing optimization Algorithm . Stackelberg game
Introduction Rivers are often the receiving water bodies for various waste load discharges. Ever-increasing population and rapid industrialization have drastically increased the amount of treated and untreated waste loads being discharged into the river systems around the world. As a result, many rivers throughout the world have been reported as polluted. Therefore, pollution discharge control is required to restore impaired water quality and/or maintain desirable water environments. The optimal waste load allocation (WLA) is defined as a systematic water quality management technique, in which the optimal pollutant removal levels at a number of point sources along a river is determined (Saadatpour and Afshar 2007). Optimal WLA involves maintaining satisfactory water quality levels in the receiving water body in an economically efficient manner. WLA approach
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usually involves interactions with interdependent stakeholders (industrial and municipal discharge units) and legislative ins
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