Ethylenediurea (EDU) effects on Japanese larch: an one growing season experiment with simulated regenerating communities
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Ethylenediurea (EDU) effects on Japanese larch: an one growing season experiment with simulated regenerating communities and a four growing season application to individual saplings Evgenios Agathokleous1,2,3 · Mitsutoshi Kitao3 · Xiaona Wang2,4 · Qiaozhi Mao2,5 · Hisanori Harayama6 · William J. Manning7 · Takayoshi Koike2,8,9
Received: 20 July 2020 / Accepted: 7 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carr.) and its hybrid are economically important coniferous trees widely grown in the Northern Hemisphere. Ground-level ozone (O3) concentrations have increased since the preindustrial era, and research projects showed that Japanese larch is susceptible to elevated O 3 exposures. Therefore, methodologies are needed to (1) protect Japanese larch against O3 damage and (2) conduct biomonitoring of O3 in Japanese larch forests and, thus, monitor O 3 risks to Japanese larch. For the first time, this study evaluates whether the synthetic chemical ethylenediurea (EDU) can protect Japanese larch against O3 damage, in two independent experiments. In the first experiment, seedling communities, Project funding: The work was supported in part by Research Grant #201802 of the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, and by KAKENHI Grant Number JP17F17102 of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS). The online version is available at http://www.springerlink.com. Corresponding editor: Yu Lei. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-020-01223-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Evgenios Agathokleous [email protected] 1
Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Applied Ecology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, People’s Republic of China
2
Division of Environment and Resources Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060‑8589, Japan
3
Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Sapporo 062‑8516, Japan
simulating natural regeneration, were treated with EDU (0, 100, 200, and 400 mg L−1) and exposed to either ambient or elevated O 3 in a growing season. In the second experiment, individually-grown saplings were treated with EDU (0, 200 and 400 mg L−1) and exposed to ambient O 3 in two growing seasons and to elevated O3 in the succeeding two growing seasons. The two experiments revealed that EDU concentrations of 200–400 mg L−1 could protect Japanese larch seedling communities and individual saplings against O3-induced inhibition of growth and productivity. However, EDU concentrations ≤ 200 mg L−1 did offer only partial protection when seedling communities were coping with higher level of O 3-induced stress, and only 400 mg EDU L −1 fully protected communities under higher stress. Therefore, we conclude that among the concentrations tested the concentration offering ma
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