Evaluation of side effects of mechanical cleaning with an anionic detergent on granite cladding tiles
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Evaluation of side effects of mechanical cleaning with an anionic detergent on granite cladding tiles Jose Santiago Pozo-Antonio 1,2 & Carla Sofia Almeida Rocha 3 & Manuel Francisco Costa Pereira 3 & António Manuel Alves Serrão Maurício 3 & Inês Flores-Colen 4 Received: 6 May 2020 / Accepted: 17 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract One of the aims of Goal 11 of the UN’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is to make human settlements sustainable. Some effort should therefore focus on developing maintenance strategies for buildings. Polished granite cladding tiles are very popular for use as flooring material in private and public buildings. These tiles are often treated by mechanical cleaning with detergents and scrubbers, and anionic detergents without chelating agents are usually used to prevent damaging the material. In this study, the anionic detergent Teepol® was applied to granite tiles in order to determine the effect of the treatment on the surface properties of this stone, i.e. appearance, colour, gloss, roughness and hydrophobicity. The results obtained were explained by scanning electron microscopy observations, which enabled characterisation of the microtexture of the surfaces, chemical contamination and any damage to the different granite-forming minerals. The results were compared with those obtained for tiles cleaned by the same mechanical procedure but with tap water in place of detergent and for tiles treated by immersion in water without any mechanical action. In summary, the properties evaluated were affected by the extraction of the typical oxyhydroxylated iron forms that fill cracks in the granite and by the formation of new cracks due to the mechanical action. Moreover, colour changes and the chemical contamination (C-rich deposits with Na, S, Cl, Ca and Mg) hindered the effectiveness of the cleaning procedure. Keywords Stone cleaning . Stone durability . Non-ionic detergent . Cladding . Scrubber
Introduction Sustainable Development Goal 11 of the UN’s 2030 Agenda aims to “make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable though improving human settlement Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues * Jose Santiago Pozo-Antonio [email protected] 1
Departamento de Enxeñaría de Recursos Naturais e Medio Ambiente, Escola de Enxeñaría de Minas e Enerxía, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
2
CINTECX, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
3
CERENA, DECivil, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
4
CERIS, DECivil, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
management” (SDG 2020). In this respect, the cleaning methods commonly used on stone cladding in public and private buildings should be evaluated in order to ensure the durability of the materials. Moreover, the results obtained for a specific type of stone cannot be extrapolated to othe
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