Examination of Dendritic Growth During Solidification of Ternary Alloys via a Novel Quantitative 3D Cellular Automaton M
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DENDRITIC microstructure evolution has been widely studied as the morphology of dendrites is regarded as one of the most influential factors on the properties of cast and welded products.[1–3] The prediction of dendritic microstructure provides a critical link in integrated computational materials engineering[4,5] (ICME)-based design and manufacturing. Experimental methods such as in situ synchrotron X-ray radiography[6,7] have provided important insight on microstructure evolution during solidification. However, it is still difficult to obtain accurate descriptions of the dynamic evolution of dendrite growth at elevated temperatures where solidification occurs. Numerical simulation offers an alternative method for such a description which is more economical, predictive, and has shown great
CHENG GU and COLIN D. RIDGEWAY are with the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210. ALAN A. LUO is with the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University and also with the Department of Integrated Systems Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210. Contact e-mail: [email protected] Manuscript submitted September 13, 2018. Article published online December 14, 2018. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
success in modeling dendrite growth with the recent advancement of computational efficiency and material science.[8–11] Various methods for simulating dendrite growth have been proposed such as phase field (PF), front tracking (FT), level set (LS), and cellular automaton (CA). Compared to other methods, CA has significantly higher computational efficiency and is physically sound to incorporate the complexity of dendrite growth.[12,13] Furthermore, CA has already been shown to accurately simulate microstructural evolution during solidification. Rappaz and Gandin[14] proposed a two-dimensional (2D) CA model for heterogeneous nucleation and grain growth during the solidification process by assuming a uniform temperature field. Many subsequent CA models have since been built to simulate microstructure evolution during solidification.[15–19] These achievements make it feasible to establish a three-dimensional (3D) model to simulate the microstructure evolution and dendritic growth. Pan and Zhu[20] established a 3D sharp interface model for simulating dendritic growth in the low Pe´clet number regime. The model adopted a solute equilibrium approach for the calculation of the kinetics of dendritic growth. Wang et al.[21,22] built a 3D cellular automaton-finite volume (CA-FV) model for describing dendritic growth of the Fe-C system. They investigated the efficiency of the optimized software in dealing with various cases for melt flow and heat VOLUME 50B, FEBRUARY 2019—123
transfer problems. In doing so, they were able to describe the influences of melt undercooling, interfacial anisotropy, and the forced flow on the equiaxed dendrite growth. Chen et al.[23] presented a 3D cellular automaton-finite element (CA-FE) model to predict the grain structure fo
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