Experimental investigation of nozzle angle effects on the brine discharge by inclined dense jets in stagnant water ambie
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Experimental investigation of nozzle angle effects on the brine discharge by inclined dense jets in stagnant water ambient Mohammad Azizi1 · Davood Goharikamel1 · Fereidon Vafaei1 Received: 4 March 2020 / Accepted: 1 August 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract This study presents a series of laboratory experiments conducted on inclined dense jets from 15° to 90° at 15° intervals, which discharge brine in a stagnant water ambient. The main geometrical properties and dilution of the flow were measured by light attenuation method. The densimetric Froude number is an effective dimensionless parameter on the inclined dense jet behavior that changes with initial velocity and the brine density. In this study, attempts have been made to investigate the relationship between the main geometric parameters of flow and dilution at return point, so a parameter is defined as the dimensionless trajectory length (RL). The results show that dilution at the return point is somewhat related to the dimensionless trajectory length, specifically for a specific Froude number, the highest dilution occurs at about 60° toward the horizontal, while the maximum dimensionless trajectory length occurs between 60° and 75°. Brine deposition on the seabed can create a stable stratification, which can be hazardous to the marine environment, so it is important to maximize dilution. The results of this study are presented as dimensionless diagrams that can be useful to design, estimate, and optimize the outfall systems on large scales. Keywords Sewage · Desalination · Inclined jet · Dense · Brine discharge · Dilution List of symbols D0 Nozzle diameter U0 Initial jet velocity Q Discharge rate Zmax Maximum height of rise XC Distance of centerline return point g Acceleration of gravity g′ Modified acceleration of gravity F0 Densimetric Froude number S Dilution in a particular point Si Dilution in the centerline return point C0 Salinity of the initial brine Ca Salinity of the ambient C Salinity of the particular point RX Constant factor for return point RZ Constant factor for maximum height Gθ Ratio of measuring centerline length
RL Dimensionless parameter of trajectory length K Constant factor for dilution θ0 Discharge angle (toward the horizontal) ρ0 Initial brine density ρa Ambient density
1 Introduction Nowadays, the scarcity of freshwater for drinking, agriculture, and some industries has become a global concern. As the population grows, this crisis will rise further in the future; therefore, using desalination plants is an effective solution that can produce freshwater from seawater [6]. In all kinds of desalination processes, eventually, a large quantity of brine sewage is discharged into the marine environment by different types of outfall systems. This
* Mohammad Azizi, [email protected] | 1Present Address: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering Faculty, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, No. 1346, Vali Asr Street, Mirdamad Intersection, Tehran 1996715433, I
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