Experiments, Correlation, and Modeling of Curcumin Solubility in Subcritical Water (Water/Ethanol)
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ORIGINAL
Experiments, Correlation, and Modeling of Curcumin Solubility in Subcritical Water (Water/Ethanol) Sakineh Mohammadi1 · Ali Haghighi Asl1 · Pouya Mottahedin1 Received: 27 February 2020 / Revised: 15 August 2020 / Accepted: 18 August 2020 / Published online: 3 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The solubility of curcumin in the pure water subcritical and water–ethanol solution (water + (5–10) % (v/v) ethanol) subcritical is investigated for the first time. The design approach taken from this study is the response surface methodology due to the Box Behnken. The experiments were performed in the temperature range of (90–150) °C, (0–10) volumetric percent of ethanol and the flow rate of (0.2–0.8) ml/min. As the pressure effect is ignored in the subcritical conditions, the pressure is constant in 2 MP in the experiments. All analyses were carried out employing the high-performance liquid chromatography apparatus. The curcumin solubility data were correlated with the dielectric constant of solvent mixture. Curcumin solubility modeling in subcritical conditions was done due to cubic-plus-association equation of state. The present study indicated that the rise in temperature and ethanol percentage cause an increase in curcumin solubility. Other important finding was by increasing the flow rate, curcumin solubility rate increased with a very mild slope. The optimum conditions for the curcumin solubility were in the water flow rate of 0.8 ml/min, 10% (v/v) of ethanol, and the temperature of 150 °C. Keywords Curcumin · Solubility · Subcritical water · Correlation · Cubic-plus-association equation of state
Introduction The Curcuma longa is mainly cultivated in the tropical regions of South and Southeast Asia continent [1–7]. This plant is classified in the ginger family [2, 4, 7–10]. Turmeric is the scientific name of Curcuma longa [11]. It is utilized as a common spice in Asia. The rhizome of Curcuma longa is a significant part which consisted of the curcuminoid [2, 7, 12]. Turmeric has a yellow color related to the curcuminoids and contains the phenolic rings. The main constituent of curcuminoids is curcumin which has 2–5 wt % of turmeric [3, 7, 11, 13]. Some properties of the curcumin are molecular weight (368.38), melting point (179–183 °C), and chemical formula (C21H2O6) [7, 14]. There are numerous researches demonstrating the biological activities of curcumin, including antimicrobial [2, 3, 5, 13, 15], anti-inflammatory [2, 3, 5, 7, 15], anticancer [3, 5, 8, 15, 16], antioxidant [1, 4–6, 8, 15], antifungal [2, 3, 12, 13], and anti-diabetic [4, 5, 7, 8, 17–19]. Due to recent researches, the curcumin is effective
* Ali Haghighi Asl [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
in diverse diseases treatment such as AIDS [2, 3, 5, 7–9, 11, 12], Alzheimer [2–4, 7–9, 11], and skin diseases [1, 2, 4, 8, 13]. Non-therapeutic applications of curcumin are in the food industry [3, 12, 14]. Also, the curcumin is used as a flavori
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