Exploring the potentiality of standard sirens to probe cosmic opacity at high redshifts
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Regular Article - Theoretical Physics
Exploring the potentiality of standard sirens to probe cosmic opacity at high redshifts Xiangyun Fu1,a , Jianfei Yang1, Zhaoxia Chen1, Lu Zhou1, Jun Chen2 1 2
Institute of Physics, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, China School of Science, Kaili University, Kaili 556011, Guizhou, China
Received: 7 February 2020 / Accepted: 2 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract In this work, using the Gaussian process, we explore the potentiality of future gravitational wave (GW) measurements to probe cosmic opacity at high redshifts through comparing its opacity-free luminosity distance (LD) with the opacity-dependent one from the combination of Type Ia supernovae (SNIa) and gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). The GW data, SNIa and GRB data are simulated from the measurements of the future Einstein Telescope, the actual Pantheon compilation and the latest observation of GRBs compiled by Amati et al, respectively. A nonparametric method is proposed to probe the spatial homogeneity of cosmic transparency at high redshift by comparing the LD reconstructed from the GW data with that reconstructed from the Pantheon and GRB data. In addition, the cosmic opacity is tested by using the parametrization for the optical depth, and the results show that the constraints on cosmic opacity are more stringent than the previous ones. It shows that the future GW measurements may be used as an important tool to probe the cosmic opacity in the high redshift region.
1 Introduction In 1998, the evidence of the accelerating expansion of the Universe was first revealed by the unexpected dimming of the type Ia supernovae (SNIa) [1,2]. In the frame of the General Relativity, a cosmic distribution of an exotic component with negative pressure, dubbed as dark energy, has been suggested to explain the present acceleration. On the other hand, a cosmological distribution of dust has been proposed to be an alternative explanation for this dimming phenomenon [3]. Indeed, the photons may be absorbed or scattered by dust in the Milky Way, intervening galaxies, the intergalactic medium, and their host galaxies [4]. However, it has always been a controversial topic that whether a e-mail:
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the extinction effect of SNIa has a great impact on the conclusion of cosmic accelerating expansion [4–8]. In addition, some other plausible mechanisms attempt to explain cosmic opacity, such as scalar fields coupled nonminimally with the electromagnetic (EM) Lagrangian [3,9–11] or oscillation of photons propagating in extragalactic magnetic fields into light axions [12–15]. Exotic mechanisms for cosmic opacity are not fully understood yet. Any changes in the photon flux during propagation towards the Earth will affect the luminosity distance (LD) measurements of light sources. As the cosmic acceleration rate and the cosmological parameters determined by the LD measurements are highly dependent on the dimming effect, cosmic opacity still needs to
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