Ferroelectric domain engineering of lithium niobate single crystal confined in glass
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Research Letter
Ferroelectric domain engineering of lithium niobate single crystal confined in glass Keith Veenhuizen , Department of Physics, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, Pennsylvania 17003, USA Sean McAnany, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA Rama Vasudevan, Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA Daniel Nolan, and Bruce Aitken, Corning Incorporated, Corning, New York 14830, USA Stephen Jesse, and Sergei V. Kalinin, Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA Himanshu Jain, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA Volkmar Dierolf, Department of Physics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA Address all correspondence to Keith Veenhuizen at [email protected] (Received 17 August 2018; accepted 11 December 2018)
Abstract Ferroelectric single-crystal-architecture-in-glass is a new class of metamaterials that would enable active integrated optics if the ferroelectric behavior is preserved within the confines of glass. We demonstrate using lithium niobate crystals fabricated in lithium niobosilicate glass by femtosecond laser irradiation that not only such behavior is preserved, the ferroelectric domains can be engineered with a DC bias. A piezoresponse force microscope is used to characterize the piezoelectric and ferroelectric behavior. The piezoresponse correlates with the orientation of the crystal lattice as expected for unconfined crystal, and a complex micro- and nano-scale ferroelectric domain structure of the as-grown crystals is revealed.
Introduction Laser–matter interactions provide a compelling avenue for the fabrication of passive and active optical devices. A key benefit of laser processing is that modifications within a material can be created with a high degree of spatial selectivity. This has led to the creation of low-loss amorphous waveguides in glass[1]; the writing of type I, type II, and depressed cladding waveguides in dielectrics[2]; the patterning of nanogratings in glass[3]; the fabrication of crystals in glass[4]; etc. An extensive collection of work has been dedicated to the topic of laser-induced crystallization of glass[5–10] as it could aid in the creation of 2D and 3D photonic integrated circuits. The main idea is that the laser is focused with an objective on the surface or the interior of a glass sample, depositing energy via absorption, leading to heat accumulation and a rise to temperatures suitable for the nucleation and growth of crystals. Continuous wave laser-induced crystallization of glass[5,6] relies on linear absorption of the incident laser and is thus limited to creating 2D crystal architectures on the glass surface. Femtosecond (fs) laser-induced crystallization of glass[7–10] is initiated by non-linear absorption of the incident beam. If the wavelength of the fs laser is chosen so that the material is tra
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