First report of citrus exocortis viroid, citrus bent leaf viroid, hop stunt viroid and citrus dwarfing viroid in Lao PDR
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RESEARCH NOTE
First report of citrus exocortis viroid, citrus bent leaf viroid, hop stunt viroid and citrus dwarfing viroid in Lao PDR N. J. Donovan 1 L. W. Burgess 4
&
G. A. Chambers 1 & A. Englezou 1 & S. Phanthavong 2 & A. Daly 1 & O. Wildman 1 & P. Holford 3 &
Received: 30 August 2020 / Accepted: 8 September 2020 / Published online: 18 September 2020 # Australasian Plant Pathology Society Inc. 2020
Abstract Citrus exocortis viroid, citrus bent leaf viroid, hop stunt viroid and citrus dwarfing viroid were detected for the first time in Lao PDR. Samples were collected from citrus trees across southern Lao PDR for laboratory testing in Australia. RNA was extracted and amplified using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR); viroid identities were confirmed by sequencing. Keywords Citrus . Lao . Pospiviroid . Hostuviroid . Apscaviroid . Graft-transmissible
Viroids are small, circular, naked, single stranded RNA molecules that infect a broad range of host plants (Flores et al. 2011). Eight viroids are known to infect citrus (Ito et al. 2001; Durán-Vila and Semancik 2003; Serra et al. 2008b; Chambers et al. 2018), and different variants or strains are present within some of these species. Viroid diseases are a serious economic threat to citrus production, causing stunting, yield loss and sometimes death in susceptible varieties (Roistacher et al. 1996). Viroids on their own may be symptomless in some citrus varieties, but co-infection can alter plant responses (Vernière et al. 2006; Serra et al. 2008a). Viroids may also be beneficial when they induce mild to moderate dwarfing with no reduction of fruit size or yield per canopy surface area, proving useful for planting orchards at high density to increase productivity (Hutton et al. 2000). Therefore, it is important to know what graft-transmissible agents are present in a citrus * N. J. Donovan [email protected] 1
NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Private Bag 4008, Narellan, NSW 2567, Australia
2
Agriculture Section, Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Office, Pakse, Champasak Province, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
3
School of Science, Western Sydney University, LB 1797, Penrith, NSW 2752, Australia
4
Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
tree before using it as a source of material to propagate new trees, and for understanding the factors affecting tree health in an orchard or region. Citrus trees are in serious decline across Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR); a landlocked, mountainous country in southeast Asia. To investigate the cause of the decline, citrus trees were inspected in nurseries, orchards and backyards in Champasak and Sekong provinces in southern Lao PDR in 2018 and 2020. Samples consisting of 5–10 citrus leaves were collected from each of 59 trees and kept cool until they were processed. Mid-ribs were excised, preserved in 70% ethanol, and transported under permit to Australi
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