Flow chemistry experiments in the undergraduate teaching laboratory: synthesis of diazo dyes and disulfides
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Flow chemistry experiments in the undergraduate teaching laboratory: synthesis of diazo dyes and disulfides Koen P. L. Kuijpers 1 & Wilko M. A. Weggemans 2 & C. Jan A. Verwijlen 2 & Timothy Noël 1,3 Received: 15 July 2020 / Accepted: 21 September 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract By embedding flow technology in the early phases of academic education, students are exposed to both the theoretical and practical aspects of this modern and widely-used technology. Herein, two laboratory flow experiments are described which have been carried out by first year undergraduate students at Eindhoven University of Technology. The experiments are designed to be relatively risk-free and they exploit widely available equipment and cheap capillary flow reactors. The experiments allow students to develop a hands-on understanding of continuous processing and gives them insights in both organic chemistry and chemical engineering. Furthermore, they learn about the benefits of microreactors, continuous processing, multistep reaction sequences and multiphase chemistry. Undoubtedly, such skills are highly valued in both academia and the chemical industry. Keywords Flow chemistry . First-year undergraduate . Organic chemistry . Chemical engineering . Hands-on training
Introduction Continuous-flow chemistry has rapidly established itself as a go-to technology to carry out difficult-to-handle reagents and reaction conditions [1, 2]. Notable examples where flow has made an undeniable impact are photochemistry [3–5], electrochemistry [6–8], multiphase reactions [9–12] and handling of toxic, explosive or other hazardous reagents and intermediates [13–15, 16, 17]. Its value has been recognized by the industry as well and many companies are establishing small expert groups specialized in flow chemistry [18, 19]. Hence, there Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s41981-020-00118-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Timothy Noël [email protected]; https://www.noelresearchgroup.com 1
Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Sustainable Process Engineering, Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600, MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
2
The Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Education Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600, MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
3
Present address: Flow Chemistry Group, van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
is a high demand for skilled personnel with at least a notion of flow chemistry. It is therefore obvious that flow chemistry courses should be implemented in the academic training of future generations of chemists and chemical engineers [20–29]. However, flow chemistry courses in the chemistry curricula are actually conspicuous by their absence. Historically, undergraduate teaching laboratories have focused
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