Forgery detection of motion compensation interpolated frames based on discontinuity of optical flow
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Forgery detection of motion compensation interpolated frames based on discontinuity of optical flow Xiangling Ding1
· Yanming Huang1 · Yue Li2 · Jiale He3
Received: 17 September 2019 / Revised: 23 June 2020 / Accepted: 13 July 2020 / © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Motion Compensated Frame Interpolation (MCFI), a frame-based video operation to increase the motion continuity of low frame rate video, can be adopted by falsifiers for forging high bitrate video or splicing videos with different frame-rates. For existing MCFI detectors, their performance are degraded by stronger video compression, and noise. To deal with this problem, we propose a blind forensics method to detect the adopted MCFI operation. After investigating the synthetic process of interpolated frames, we discover that motion regions of interpolated frames exist some local slight artifacts, causing the optical flow based inter-frame discontinuity. To capture this irregularities introduced by various MCFI techniques, compact features are designed, which are calculated as Temporal Frame Difference-weighted histogram of Local Binary Pattern computed on Optical Flow field (TFD-OFLBP). Meanwhile, Local Inter-block and Edge-block difference Features (LIEF) are further proposed to detect interpolation frames with stable content. Besides, a set of forensics tools are adopted to eliminate the side effects of possible interferences of the scenes change, sudden lighting change, focus vibration, and some original frames with inherent local artifacts. Experimental results on four representative MCFI software and techniques show that the proposed approach outperforms existing MCFI detectors and also with robustness to compression, and noise. Keywords Video forensics · Identification · Motion-compensation frame-interpolation · Optical flow
Xiangling Ding
[email protected] 1
School of Computer Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411004, China
2
The Computer School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
3
School of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
Multimedia Tools and Applications
1 Introduction Using inexpensive and portable video capture devices, digital videos are recorded and then they are enriching our own lives. Meanwhile, the high speed development and spread of powerful video editing software makes it easier to counterfeit digital videos without leaving obvious perceptible traces. These faked videos are very difficult, if not impossible, to be directly distinguished through human vision. This overthrows our traditional views of “seeing is believing”, which gives rise to serious crisis of public confidence. Video forensics techniques, which attempts to verify the genuineness of digital videos, has become a research hotspot in the field of information security. Especially, passive or blind video forensics techniques [28, 34], which expose forging traces without any pre-embedding ancillary informati
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