Formation and Stability of Pb-Sn Embedded Multiphase Alloy Nanoparticles via Mechanical Alloying
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THE phase transformation behavior of the embedded alloy nanoparticles has widely been investigated in the last two decades.[1–3] Proper understanding of the size effect on the stability in terms of melting and solidification behavior of these alloy nanoparticles is further required to explore the potential applications of these materials. Embedded alloy nanoparticles are considered as a potential material for low-melting temperature solders in printed circuit board (PCB), flip-chip packaging technology, and self-lubricating bearings.[4] Additionally, they are considered as a model system to study the phase transformation and alloying at nanoscale. Thus, scientific understanding of the melting and solidification phenomena needs to be understood to decipher the mechanisms of the melting and solidification. Using the advantages of miscibility gap in the ternary phase diagram (Al-Pb-Sn, Al-Pb-In, Al-Bi-Sn, Al-Cd-Pb, AlIn-Sn, Al-Bi-Sn, etc.), various types of multiphase nanoalloy inclusions were prepared by rapid solidification processing (RSP) as well as ion implantation routes.[5–13] These studies conclusively reveal the role of the interface between the phases of the nanoparticles and the matrix, PATAN YOUSAF KHAN and M. MANOLATA DEVI, Ph.D. Students, and KRISHANU BISWAS, Associate Professor, are with the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India. Contact e-mail: [email protected] Manuscript submitted October 25, 2014. Article published online June 12, 2015 METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
in governing the thermal stability and the phase transformation of the nanoinclusions.[7] Earlier studies also indicate that nanoinclusions prepared by RSP, especially melt spinning, exhibit regular shapes and proper orientation relationship (OR) with the matrix. Thus, the phase transformation behavior can directly be correlated with the interface structure. The interface structure can either be altered by changing the matrix or by processing route. As the matrix is found to play a vital role in governing the thermal stability of the nanoinclusions, even change of matrix can affect the phase transformation behavior of the nano-alloy inclusions.[14,15] For a given matrix, the processing route can also alter the interface structure and thus phase transformation. Mechanical alloying (MA) is one of the solid-state processing routes involving severe plastic deformation, and hence the formation of different interface structures between the phases in alloy nanoparticles and the matrix is expected.[14] Therefore, MA can effectively be used to study the effect of increased interface on the phase transformation of embedded alloy nanoparticles. It is to be noted that several attempts have been made earlier to understand the phase transformation behavior of nanoinclusions of pure metals like Pb embedded in Al matrix[16–18] and Bi in Ag matrix,[19] prepared using MA. The studies have shown that interface structure plays an important role in deciding the phase transformat
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