Formation of the physicochemical mechanics of materials as a new direction of science
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FORMATION OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL MECHANICS OF MATERIALS AS A NEW DIRECTION OF SCIENCE V. V. Panasyuk We analyze the development of investigations and scientific results in the field of physicochemical mechanics of materials, which plays the role of contemporary scientific direction in materials science. The main stages of development of this direction in the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences are considered and the role of H. V. Karpenko in the formation and development of this branch of science is described. We also synthesize the most important scientific results, illustrate some their practical applications, and formulate urgent problems of the future investigations. Keywords: structural materials, working media, strength of materials, fracture, and fatigue.
In the middle of the last century, numerous researchers in the field of strength and fracture of materials gave much attention to the solution of problems connected with the development of new methods aimed at the evaluation of the durability of engineering structures of aircrafts, spacecrafts, power-generating equipment, and marine structures operating under the extreme conditions, including the action of high loads, sharp changes in temperature and, at the same time, the influence of corrosive, surface-active, embrittling, and other working media. The intense studies of the influence of these media on the physicomechanical properties of materials and the development of technologies of surface hardening of machine parts aimed at the enhancement of their durability, as well as new (unknown earlier and discovered in the course of these investigations) effects of decrease in the strength of deformed materials due to the presence of cracklike defects in their structure and the action of external surface-active or corrosive media, led to the formation of a new direction in the science of strength of materials, namely, of the physicochemical mechanics of materials (PCMM), more than 50 years ago. In the present work, we describe some fundamental and applied results of investigations in this field of science in the Ukraine connected, first of all, with the creative activity of Academician Karpenko and the group of his colleagues headed by him, namely, of the Lviv Scientific School of experts in the field of mechanics and materials science. The successful development of investigations in the field of PCMM in the Ukraine and, in particular, at the Physicomechanical Institute (PMI) of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences (UNAS) was explained mainly by the scientific and organizational activities of H. V. Karpenko as its many-year director (1952–1971), by the permanent support of these investigations by the UNAS and, first of all, by its President Academician B. E. Paton, and by the formation of the Scientific Council on the PCMM at the Department of Physical-and-Engineering Problems of Materials Science of the UNAS. These successes were also promoted by the creation of a unique experimental-and-research base aimed at the investigation of various aspects of
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