Fracture characteristics, microstructure, and tissue reaction of Ti-5Al-2.5Fe for orthopedic surgery
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INTRODUCTION
TITANIUM alloys are getting much attention as metallic biomaterials, although stainless steel, like SUS 316 L with low carbon content, or Co-Cr alloys have been used widely up to now. The main advantages of titanium alloys are light weight, greater strength, excellent corrosion resistance, and excellent biocompatibility.[1] Ti-6Al-4V was the first registered titanium alloy as an implant material in the ASTM standard. The V in Ti-6Al-4V was, however, MITSUO NIINOMI and TOSHIRO KOBAYASHI, Professors, are with the Department of Production Systems Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441, Japan. OSAMU TORIYAMA, formerly Graduate Student, Department of Production Systems Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, is Engineer, Sumitomo Light Metal Industries Ltd., Hoi-gun 441-12, Aichi, Japan. NORIAKI KAWAKAMI, Head, is with the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Meijo Hospital, Nagoya 460, Japan. YOSHIHITO ISHIDA, Director, is with the Ishida Orthopedic Clinic, Niwa-gun 480-01, Aichi, Japan. YUKIHIRO MATSUYAMA, Doctor, is with the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466, Japan. Manuscript submitted September 29, 1995. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
pointed out to be toxic[2,3] although that had excellent heat treatability, workability, weldability, and so on.[4] The high strength Ti-5Al-2.5Fe without V is, therefore, expected to be widely used as an implant material.[5,6] The mechanical properties and microstructure relation of Ti-5Al-2.5Fe are not yet clearly understood. Tensile properties, fracture toughness, and rotating-bending fatigue strength of variously heat-treated Ti-5Al-2.5Fe were, therefore, investigated in relation to the microstructures in the present study. Furthermore, biomaterials are also required to maintain their functions and aim sufficiently for the period expected without degradation or failure in the body. Fatigue strength of biomaterials in the simulated living body environment must be taken into account for their basic strength because the living body environment is a very corrosive environment for artificial materials. The fatigue strength of variously heat-treated Ti-5Al-2.5Fe alloys were, therefore, investigated in the simulated living body environment, that is, in the Ringer’s solution. Furthermore, the selected Ti-5Al-2.5Fe specimens were implanted into the living rabbit body for around 11 months and then they were taken out for evaluation of their degradation in terms of VOLUME 27A, DECEMBER 1996—3925
terial for instrumentation of scoliosis surgery but for other parts like artificial hip joints and bone plates.
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Fig. 1—Schematic illustration of corrosive solution circulator system in rotating bending fatigue testing machine.
mechanical properties. The tissue reaction around each implant material was also investigated. Recently, there has been a strong demand to apply titanium alloys to the instrumentation of scoliosis surgery. The V-free titanium alloy also should be used in this cas
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