Green soap formulation: an insight into the optimization of preparations and antifungal action
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Green soap formulation: an insight into the optimization of preparations and antifungal action Arunachalam Thirunavukkarasu 1 & Rajarathinam Nithya 1 & Raja Sivashankar 2 & Arunachalam Bose Sathya 3 & Selvasembian Rangabhashiyam 4 & Sivanantham Arul Pasupathi 1 & Murugan Prakash 1 & Mayilvahanan Nishanth 1 Received: 6 August 2020 / Revised: 25 September 2020 / Accepted: 16 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Ultrasound-assisted extract of Acalypha indica was used to prepare the green soap formulation. Previously, D-optimal mixture design was used to optimize the mixture of oil components including coconut oil (A, 34–56%), soybean oil (B, 19–31%), castor oil (C, 14–23%), sunflower oil (D, 4–6%), and olive oil (E, 5–9%). Linear regression models were proposed to predict the responses, i.e., hardness (Y1), iodine (Y2), and iodine number saponification (INS) (Y3), and validated with a high degree of statistical accuracy (Fcal > Ftab; df = 4, p < 0.0001; R2 > 0.9950). Optimization results revealed that the formulation containing 44.57% A, 23.62% B, 17.44% C, 5.37% D, and 9.0% E would yield 41 Y1, 62 Y2, and 159 Y3. The chemical properties of the optimized soap formulation were quite comparable concerning the standard soap specifications (IS13498). Further, this formulation was supplemented with Acalypha indica extract to prepare the green soap, and its antifungal activity was determined using the agar dilution method. Keywords Green soap formulation . Acalypha indica . D-optimal mixture design . Antifungal activity
1 Introduction Cosmetics are the range of products that are used to enhance the personal appearance or the physical appeal of an individual [1]. Mostly, these cosmetics are categorized into skincare, hair care, perfumes, deodorants, personal care, and oral cosmetics. In the modern era, the use of these items is inevitable in the routine life of every individual, and hence, the markets for such cosmetic products are in the exponential phase. According to the recent report, the global market value of cosmetics was about 507.8 billion US dollars in 2018 and it is expected to increase to about 758.4 billion US dollars by 2025 [2]. Among them,
* Arunachalam Thirunavukkarasu [email protected] 1
Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai, India
3
Department of Biotechnology, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
4
School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
skincare tops the list contributing to about 39% of the total market size [3]. However, the various chemicals used in the preparation of skincare formulations might cause ill effects ranging from mild allergic reactions to carcinogenicity [4]. For instance, the use of debenzoylmethanes, paraaminobenzoic acid (PABA), and cinnamates in sun-screen products are capable of causing photoallergic dermatitis [5]
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